第十五篇：smoke gets in your mind

1 lung cancer肺癌, hypertension高血压, heart disease心脏病, birth defects先天性缺陷—we are all too familiar熟悉 with the dangers of smoking. but add to 加入that list a frightening令人恐惧的 new concern担忧. mental illness精神疾病. according to some controversial有争议的 new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite litter, 垃圾drive you to despair绝望

2 the tobacco industry工业 openly 公开地pushes its product 产品as something to lift提升 your mood精神 and soothe缓解 anxiety. 焦虑but the short-term短期的 feel-good effect影响 may mask掩盖 the truth: that smoking may worsen恶化 or even trigger引发 anxiety disorders不安, panic attacks恐惧 and depression,沮丧 perhaps even schizophrenia精神分裂.

3 cigarettes and mental illness精神疾病 have always tended to go together. an estimated 1.25 billion 12.5亿people smoke worldwide. 全世界yet people who are depressed沮丧 or anxious忧虑 are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 percent of  those with psychotic disorders精神混乱 such as schizophrenia精神分裂症 smokers. a recent american survey concluded 推断that around大约 half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness.

4 but the big question is why? the usual story is that the illness comes first. mentally ill精神疾病的 people take up 从事smoking, or smoke more to alleviate 减轻some of their distress.悲痛 even when即使 smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible看不见的 symptoms 症状of the disorder spark刺激 the desire欲望 to light up.点燃 but perhaps something more sinister 凶险的is going on.

5 a growing number of researchers claim 声称that smoking is the cause,原因 not the consequence 结果of clinical临床的 depression沮丧 and several forms of anxiety. “we know a lot about the effects 影响of smoking on physical health,身体健康 and now we are also starting to see the adverse 不利的effects in new research on mental illness,”精神疾病 says naomi breslau, director主任 of research at the henry ford 亨利福特health care system健康医疗系统 in detroit. 底特律

6 breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical异端的 possibility. the hint 线索came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. 期间the 13 per cent who began the study with major depression 沮丧were around three times more likely to progress发展 进步 from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence证据 that depression 沮丧increased the tendency趋势 to take up smoking. but a history of daily smoking before the study commenced开始 roughly doubled 两部的the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period. smoking, it seems, could pre-date提早，预先illness.

7 at first breslau concluded推断 that whatever prompts促使 people to smoke might also make them depressed.沮丧 but as the results 结果of other much larger studies began to back 支持the statistical link统计学联系, she became more convinced 确信than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine 尼古丁itself, could somehow不知如何地 affect the brain and cause depression.

8 one of these larger studies was led 领导by goodman, a pediatrician儿科医生. she followed the health健康 of two groups of teenagers青少年 for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents青少年 were not depressed沮丧 and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed 抑郁，沮丧and had not been smokers in the past month. after a year her team found that although depressed抑郁的 teenagers年轻人were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous早先的 experimentation 经历with smoking was the strongest predictor 预报器of such behaviour,行为 not the depression沮丧 itself. what is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit 精神健康but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. “current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant 决定因素of developing high depressive symptoms（症状）.”

9 breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack间歇性恐惧症 and three times more likely to develop longer-term 长期的panic disorder恐惧紊乱 than non-smokers. it’s a hard message to get across,理解 because many smokers say they become anxious焦虑 when they quit,戒掉 not when they smoke. but breslau says that this is a short-lived 短期的effect of withdrawal 取消which masks掩盖 the reality事实 that, in general总的来讲, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers不在抽烟者.

概括大意

1.paragraph 3 _________

2.paragraph 4 _________

3.paragraph 6 _________

4.paragraph 8 _________

a. doubt(怀疑，未确定) about the usual belief

b. researchers’ opinions divided

c. positive（肯定，确定） effects of smoking as advertised

d. close association 联系between depression and smoking

e. breslau’s conclusion supported by another larger study

f. effect of smoking on mental health initially proved

1.paragraph 3 _________

a. doubt(怀疑，未确定) about the usual belief

b. researchers’ opinions divided

c. positive（肯定，确定） effects of smoking as advertised

d. close association 联系between depression and smoking

e. breslau’s conclusion supported by another larger study

f. effect of smoking on mental health initially proved

解析：3 cigarettes and mental illness精神疾病 have always tended to go together. an estimated 1.25 billion 12.5亿people smoke worldwide. 全世界yet people who are depressed沮丧 or anxious忧虑 are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 percent of  those with psychotic disorders精神混乱 such as schizophrenia精神分裂症 smokers. a recent american survey concluded 推断that around大约 half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness.

2.paragraph 4 _________

a. doubt(怀疑，未确定) about the usual belief

b. researchers’ opinions divided

c. positive（肯定，确定） effects of smoking as advertised

e. breslau’s conclusion supported by another larger study

f. effect of smoking on mental health initially proved

解析：4 but the big question is why? the usual story is that the illness comes first. mentally ill精神疾病的 people take up 从事smoking, or smoke more to alleviate 减轻some of their distress.悲痛 even when即使 smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible看不见的 symptoms 症状of the disorder spark刺激 the desire欲望 to light up.点燃 but perhaps something more sinister 凶险的is going on.

3.paragraph 6 _________

b. researchers’ opinions divided

c. positive（肯定，确定） effects of smoking as advertised

e. breslau’s conclusion supported by another larger study

f. effect of smoking on mental health initially proved

解析：6.  breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical异端的 possibility. the hint 线索came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. 期间 the 13 per cent who began the study with major depression 沮丧were around three times more likely to progress发展 进步 from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence证据 that depression 沮丧increased the tendency趋势 to take up smoking. but a history of daily smoking before the study commenced开始 roughly doubled 两部的the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period smoking, it seems, could pre-date提早，预先illness.

4.paragraph 8 _________

b. researchers’ opinions divided   c. positive（肯定，确定） effects of smoking as advertised

e. breslau’s conclusion supported by another larger study

解析：8 one of these larger studies was led 领导by goodman, a pediatrician儿科医生. she followed the health健康 of two groups of teenagers青少年 for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents青少年 were not depressed沮丧 and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed 抑郁，沮丧and had not been smokers in the past month. after a year her team found that although depressed抑郁的 teenagers年强人 were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous早先的 experimentation 实验with smoking was the strongest predictor 预报器of such behaviour,行为 not the depression沮丧 itself. what is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit 精神健康but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers.goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. “current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant 决定因素of developing high depressive symptoms（症状）.”

完成句子

5.nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazard to people’s physical health ___________.

a. have been proved to be misleading

b. but to their mental health as well

c. taking up smoking

d. involved fewer people

e. they started to smoke at an early age

f. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smoking

6.the cigarette ads which claim that smoking can help soothe 缓解anxiety __________.

a. have been proved to be misleading

c. taking up smoking

d. involved fewer people

e. they started to smoke at an early age

f. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smoking

7.breslau’s study ____ _____than goodman’s but lasted longer.

c. taking up smoking

d. involved fewer people

e. they started to smoke at an early age

f. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smoking

8.to contradict 否定breslau’s conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxious when they smoke _________.

c. taking up smoking

e. they started to smoke at an early age

f. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smoking