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2017年职称英语《卫生类C级》全真试卷及答案

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第四部分 :阅读理解(第31——45题,每题3分,共45分)

短文后有5道题,每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题,从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。下面共有15个句子,每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线,请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。

(31) 根据下面材料,回答题。

Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.

Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no limits. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or in a theatre. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a respected grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy (婴儿期) on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.

It is a lifelong (一生的) process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral (基本的) part of one's entire life. Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned (指定的) seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are words or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are defmite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the author?

A: School is the place where people get informal education.

B: Education means schooling.

C: Education can be both formal and informal.

D: Going to school is the only way to receive education.

答案:C

解析:

细节题。题干 :根据作者的意思,以下哪个说法是正确的?利用题干定位不到相关信息

,改由通过四个选项分别定位。第二段中的“Educationknowsnolimits…Itincludes both the

formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal

learning”意为“教育没有限制……它既包括在学校里接受的正规学习,

也包括所有的非正规学习”,故A和D选项是错误的,C选项是正确的。

同时在第一段中提到“The distinction between schooling and education implied by this

remark is important”,即“上学和受教育之间的区别是非常重要的”。故B错误。

(32) Education is different from schooling in that__________.

A: the former is predictable while the latter is not

B: the former is specific while the latter is not

C: the former is a formalized process while the latter is not

D: the former is more open-ended and all-inclusive than the latter

答案:D

解析:

细节题。题干 :在__________ ,上学和受教育是有区别的。

利用题干不能直接定位到相关信息,但在第二段提到“Education is much more

open.ended and all-inclusive than

schooling”,即“教育比上学更开放,更包容”。故答案为D。

(33) When does education begin?

A: Before one enters school.

B: After one enters school.

C: After one graduates from college.

D: After one retires from work.

答案:A

解析: 题干 :教育是从何时开始的?利用题干关键词定位不到相关信息。但是第二段中的

“It is a lifelong(一生的)process,a process that starts long before the start of

school”,即“这是一个持续一生的过程,在上学之前早就开始了”。题干中的start

和原文中的begin是近义词,都是表示“开始”,A选项中的before one enters

school和原文中的before the start of school也是同义表达,故答案为A。

(34) The fact that children arrive at school at about the same time shows that__________.

A: schoolingimposes a lot of strain on the students

B: schooling has a clear boundary

C: schooling follows more or less the same pattern

D: schooling includes different aspects of learning

答案:C

解析:

推理题。题干 :孩子们大概在同一时间到达学校,表明了__________。利用题干关键词

children arrive at school定位到第三段“Schoolin9,on the other hand,is a

specific,formalized process,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the

next .Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximately the same time,take

assigned(指定的)seats,are taught by an adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take

exams,and SO

on.”,即“另一方面,上学是一个特定而正式的学习过程。它的普遍模式相差不大。

纵观全国,孩子们在差不多同样的时间到学校,坐在指定的位置上,由大人教学,

使用相同的教科书,做作业,参加考试,等等”。由此可知,

同一时间上学是为了说明前面的论点而举的例子。即学校采取大体一致的模式,

故答案为C。

(35) What is the author's attitude toward schooling?

A: Positive.

B: Negative.

C: Neutral( 中立的).

D: Supportive.

答案:C

解析:

态度题。题干 :作者对学校教育的态度是什么?定位到文章最后一段,

作者客观介绍了学校教育的一些情况,比如大体相同的模式,学校课程设置的限制等,

因此作者的态度是neutral( 中立的)。故答案为C。

(36)根据下面材料,回答题。

Lead Pollution (铅污染)

Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960's and 70's, wereprimarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In thetwenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, thelead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.

A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissionsfrom the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in thesnow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. CharlesBoutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Centerfor Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed thatlead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.

In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leadedgasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian andCanadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. Thedominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from theUnited States.

In a study published in the journal/Imbio (人类环境杂志), scientists found that lead levelsin soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline.

Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.

The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from thesame sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientistshad expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem(生态系统).respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findingsshould not be used as a license to pollute.

The study published in the journal Nature indicates that__________.

A: the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snowB: the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired resultsC: lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expectedD: lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase2016

答案:A

解析:细节题。题干 :《自然》杂志上刊登的研究表明__________。第二段开头提到 《

自然》杂志上刊登的研究表明来自美国的通过空气传播的含铅气体是导致格陵兰雪地中

铅浓度高的主要原因。而格陵兰就是位于北极圈内。因此A正确,

美国是北极雪中铅污染的主要来源。

(37) Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in

the us__________.

A: was discouraged

B: was prohibited by law

C: was enforced by law

D: was introduced

答案:C

解析:

细节题。题干 :美国法律强制使用无铅汽油后,世界范围的铅金属积累量明显

----------------------- Page 20-----------------------

__________。第一段最后一句话支持这一说法,文中的“mandated”与C选项中的

“enforced”意思相同,都是“强制” 的意思。

(38) How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?

A: By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.

B: By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.

C: By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.

D: By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.

答案:B

解析:

细节题。题干 :科学家是怎样发现格陵兰的铅污染来源的?

第三段提到科学家发现美国汽油中的各种铅金属比重不同于欧洲、亚洲和加拿大的。

通过比较这些铅比的不同可判断出格陵兰雪中的铅污染主要来自美国。因此B正确。

(39) The authors of the Ambio study have found that__________.

A: forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected

B: lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US

C: lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with

D: the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions

答案:A

解析:

细节题。题干 :《人类环境》杂志研究的作者发现了__________。

倒数第二段结尾提到森林环境处理铅的速度之快,超出了科学家们的预期。因此A正确

(40) It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists__________.

A: feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline

B: are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution

C: lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

D: still consider lead pollution a problem

答案:D

解析:

推理题。题干 :通过最后一段能推测出什么?

最后一段提到了两项研究说明某些生态系统对大气污染的减少给出了快速的回应,

但是这并不能作为进一步污染行为的许可证。因此D正确,

科学家们仍然认为铅污染是个问题。

(41) 根据下面材料,回答题。

It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century. We'll knowwhere we came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is theresomething instead of nothing? Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe isexpanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even havedeveloped theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the universe from the timeit was a fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decades, thesetheories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. We will have abetter understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures andpressures of the early universe.

We'll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer. In 19th century operas, when the heroinecoughs in the first act, the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. But thanksto 20th century antibiotics, the once dreaded, once incurable disease now can mean nothingmore serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and theway cells work at the molecular level, many serious diseases--cancer, for one- will becomeless threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses, doctors will be able to replacecancer causing damaged DNA

with healthy genes, probably administered by a pill or injection.

We'll live longer (120 years?) If the normal aging process is basically a furious, invisiblecontest in our cells- a contest between damage to our DNA and our cells ability to repair thatdamage- then 21st century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reversethe process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live ina world where no one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold onlyso many people?

Where would new ideas come from? What would we do with all that extra time?

We'll "manage" Earth. In the next millennium, well stop talking about the weather but willdo something about it. Well gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity onthe Earth,its climate and its ecosystems. And with that knowledge will come an increasingwillingness to use it to manage the workings of our planet.

We'll have "a brain road map". This is the real "final frontier" of the 21st century: The brainis the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons (roughly thenumber of stars in the Milky Way), each connected to as many as 1,000 others. Early in thenext century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to producedetailed maps of the neurons in operation. We'll be able to say with certainty which ones areworking when you read a word, when you say a word, when you think about a word, and soon.

The sentence "In 19th century operas, when the heroine coughs in the first act, the audienceknows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3" means__________.

A: there was not antibiotics at that timeB: tuberculosis was a terrible disease that couldn't be cured during 19th centuryC: the health of the heroine was very poorD: this was a common situation in the 19th century operas

答案:B

解析:

细节题。题干 :句子“在19世纪的戏剧中,如果女主角在第一幕开始咳嗽,

观众们就会知道在第三幕时会因为肺结核而死去” 的意思是__________。

第二段说如果女主角在第一幕中咳嗽的话,观众便会知道她将在第三幕中因肺结核而死

。接着说这种病0nce dreaded和once incurable

disease,即“那样可怕的不治之症”。可知B正确。

(42) It will become easy to cure some serious diseases because__________.

A: scientists will crack the genetic code

B: "therapeutic" viruses will be used

C: healthy genes will be used to replace cancer causing damaged DNA

D: all of the above

答案:D

解析:

推理题。题干 :治疗一些严重的疾病会变得很容易,因为__________。A、B、C

在第三段都提到这一点,因此选D。

(43) According to the passage, the normal aging process is__________.

A: a process in which people become older and older

B: a contest that can be seen

C: a long process of struggling

D: a fight between damaging DNA and preparing the damage

答案:D

解析:

细节题。题干 :根据本文提供的信息,正常的衰老过程__________。第三段提到“

如果说通常的衰老过程主要是我们细胞内的一场激烈而不可见的竞赛的话——

一场破坏我们体内脱氧核糖核酸同我们体内细胞修复被破坏组织的竞赛……”。

由此可知D正确。

(44) Which does not belong to the scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century?

A: We'll know whom we are.

B: We'll live longer.

C: We'll conquer cancer.

D: We'll manage Earth.

答案:A

解析:

主旨题。题干 :下列哪一个不属于21世纪的科技突破?本文介绍了据预测21

世纪科学将出现的五大突破 :

详尽地描绘宇宙从它形成的最初一瞬间一直到现在的演变过程 ;

我们将破译遗传密码并征服癌症 ;我们将活得更久 ;我们将“管理”地球 ;

我们将拥有人脑的“路线图”。没有提到A,故选A。

(45) A brain road map will__________.

A: be the most complicated map we know

B: tell us which neuron is better

C: help us study well

D: be produced by the advanced forms of operation

答案:A

解析:

细节题。题干 :一个大脑路线图是__________。第五段的中心意思是 :

人脑是人类已知的最复杂的系统,这是21世纪的一个真正的“尖端领域”。因此A正确。

(责任编辑:中大编辑)

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