非谓语动词：不可单独做谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，在句子中可以用作其他句子成分。非谓语动词有三种：不定式，动名词，分词。

 

动词不定式

一、 不定式的形式            ① 带to 的不定式     to work  

二、动词不定式有两种形式：  

② 不带to 的不定式    work   

三、时态和语态变化

 

	主动语态	被动语态
一般式	to write	to be written
进行式	to be writing
完成式	to have written	to have been written

 

四、不定式在句子可做的成分： 主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语

1、不定式做主语：谓语动词用第三人称单数

to stop the work now seems impossible.不可能的

   用 it 来做形式主语，把动词不定式放到谓语动词后面。

   it seems impossible to stop the work now.

   形式主语几种常见的用法：

① it +be+adj+to do (be涵盖的各个时态如：is、was、has been、had been、will be、would be)

   it’s easy容易的 to learn学习 a foreign language.外国语言

   it’s so good / nice to talk to 和---谈话you.

②     it + be + n. + to do

it’s our duty 责任to obey服从the law.法律

it’s a good habit习惯 to eat slowly.慢慢地

 ③ it+ 动词（宾语）+ to do.

   it cost花费 a lot of很多 money to build 建筑this museum.博物馆

   it amused使发笑 me to hear these jokes.笑话

④ it takes / took / will take +sb + some time / money to do sth

   it took us a long time to mend修补修理 the house.

   it took me exactly 正好a week to complete完成 the work.

⑤ it be + adj + for sb + to do

                        逻辑主语

   it’s easy for me to operate 操作the machine.机器

不定式做表语：在系动词be 及半系动词（seem、appear、look、become等）之后，系动词多翻译为“是”。不定式充当表语，用于描述主语的性质、特征等

   the duties 责任of a postman 邮递员are to deliver投递 letters and newspaper.报纸

    the important thing is to save挽救 lives.

比较： be to do 另一种用法，表示计划打算做某事。

    we are to meet twice a month.

    he’s to blame. 责备

①     不定式和主语的关系，不定式的动作是主语能够发出的动作

②     句中表示将来时间的状语结构，则是将来时态。

    she is to be married next month,

    the expedition探险队 is to start in a week’s time.

⑴ 代表词：attempt企图、agree同意、aim打算、ask要求、begin开始、continue继续、decide决定、demand要求、determine决定、expect期望、forget忘记、hate憎恨、hope希望、learn学会、like喜欢、love爱、manage设法、mean想要、offer愿意、plan计划、pretend假装、promise许诺、refuse拒绝、remember记得、regret后悔、stop停止、try试图、want想要、wish希望等

    she started to clean 打扫the kitchen.厨房

    they agreed to settle 解决the dispute争论 by peaceful means.和平的方式

⑵ 如果不定式做宾语，而且宾语后又有宾语补足语，要用it 作形式宾语，不定式放到补足语后。

    she found it difficult to answer the question.

    he feels it his duty to help others.

⑶ 不定式构成复合宾语：（宾语补足语）   主语 + v.动词 + sb + to do

                                                逻辑 主语

    she encouraged 鼓励me to try again.

    please remind 提醒me to post邮寄 this letter.

⑷ 有些动词后接不带 to 的不定式，也就是动词原形。

    i heard her lock锁 the door

    did you see anyone enter 进入the house.

    he made me move移动 the car.

   变被结构时，不定式 + to.

she was heard to lock the door.

⑴ 定语时用来修饰名词的，放在所修饰名词的后面。如：reason原因、chance机会、opportunity机会、way方法、need需要、effort努力、wish希望、right权利、decision决定、determination决定、ability能力、agreement同意等和带不定式的动词同源的一些名词都可以用不定式做定语。

    i haven’t had a chance to think 思考yet.还

    his efforts to get her back were vain(白费的).

    i have a right to know.

    there’s no reason to doubt怀疑 his words.

⑵ 序数词如the first、second以及last、only、best也常用于不定式作定语。

    it’s my first time 第一次to go to america.美国

⑶ 如果不定式里的动词是不及物动词，后面应加上介词。

    i need a pen to write with.

    give me some paper to write on.

    there are some things to be grateful for.    (be grateful for---    对---心存感激)

不定式做状语：表示目的、结果、原因。

⑴ 表目的：we slept together to keep warm.暖和

   表结果：he left , never to return.返回

   表原因：we jumped with joy高兴 to hear it.

⑵ be + adj + to do

   she was eager渴望的 to see her friends.

   he was quick 迅速的to offer 提出his counter-proposal (反对建议).

   ⑶ 也可以和 in order ( 为了---目的) , so as (以便为了) 连用表示强调状语。

   i’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.

注：不定式的否定结构  not to do // not do.

⑷ 可以和 so / such---as to (如此---以至于) enough to ---（足以---） too---to (太--以至于不能)

   the ice冰 is not thick厚 enough to bear 支持the weight of a tank.坦克

   the tea 茶is too hot热 to drink.

⑸ 有些不定式可以用来修饰整个句子。

   to be honest, 老实说，i just don’t like him.

   to tell you the truth , 说时候，告诉真相i’ve never met him.

   to be frank, 坦率地说you’re a bad driver.司机

不定式做补语：宾语补足语和表语补足语。

⑴ 作宾语补足语：

① v  +  sb   to do sth

        需要一个补充成分使得宾语的状态、行为、特征表达的更为完整和详细

   she encouraged me to try again.

   please remind me to post this letter

② for + n.(代) + to do

      是不定式的逻辑主语

   for a child to do that job is just inconceivable(不可思议).

   it’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.

③ it be + adj+ of +名词（或代词）+ to do

   it’s very good of you to come.

⑵作主语补足语：也就是宾语补足语用于被动语态时，宾语变为主语，宾语补足语也就变成主语补足语，动词不定式都带“to”.

   he was seen to enter the hall.大厅

   the room was found to be empty.空的

补充不定式可以和疑问词（如：who、what、which、when、where和how）连用。

   when to start什么时间开始 has not been decided.决定

   i don’t know what to do.做什么