一、分词的用法：

1、分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独做谓语，它可以做状语、补语、定语、表语。

2、现在分词有一般式和完成式，有主动和被动语态；过去分词只有一种形式。

 

		主动	被动
现在分词	一般式	working	being worked
	完成式	having worked	having been worked
过去分词			worked

 

3、现在分词和过去分词的区别：

⑴ 时态上, 现在分词表示动作进行；过去分词则表示动作已完成。

   boiling water  正在煮沸的水

   boiled water  已煮沸的水（可能已不热了）

⑵ 语态上，现在分词表示主动意义；过去分词表示被动意义。

   an interesting book   一本有趣的书（令人-----）

   an interested reader   一位感兴趣的读者 （被-----）

二、分词充当成分：做定语、表语、状语、补语。

 1 分词做定语:

①当个分词做定语，一般都放在所修饰名词的前面，但是有时为了强调也可以放在被修饰词的后面。

  e.g.  she is a charming招人喜欢的 child.

       let’s drop 放弃the subject for the time being.是一固定词组。

       her job was to take care of照看 the wounded受伤的 soldier.士兵

       he wants his eggs fried.(表示尚未煎好的鸡蛋)    fried eggs  已经煎好的

①     如果是分词短语做定语时，一般总是放在修饰词的后面。

e.g.   the men working here are all from来自于 the rural areas.农村

the ship battered 损坏的by the storm 暴风雨crept into慢慢滑动 the harbour. 港口

2 分词做表语

 分词或者分词短语做表语可放在系动词（be ,become , get, seem, stay）等词之后做表语

   the story is very interesting.

   i am convinced确信 of his honesty.

分词大多都被看出形容词，---ing 现在分词，译为令人----的，让人----的，主语是物

                        ----ed 过去分词，译为感到---的，主语是人

the book is interesting.

i am interested in the book.

interesting      令人有趣的

interested       感到有趣的

exciting        令人兴奋的

excited         感到兴奋的，激动的

shocking        令人震惊的

shocked         感到震惊的

3 分词做状语

  分词或者分词短语做状语，表时间，原因，结果，条件，让步等情况，主要是对谓语加以补充说明，其动作可发生在谓语动词之前，也可发生在谓语动词之后，也可能同时发生。

①     在表示时间，原因，条件，让步，方式，伴随情况的状语可放在句首也可房子句尾。强调与谓语动词同时发生时，可以和连词when ,while 连用。

a   working down the street,沿着这条路走下去， i ran into 偶遇jim.    表时间

b   being sick生病 , i stayed at home.           表原因

c   knowing all this , they made me pay for 赔偿the damage.毁坏   表让步

d   united , we stand; divided , we fall.   团结则存，分裂则亡     表条件

e   walking on tiptoe脚尖, i approached 靠近the little window. 窗户      表伴随

f    the couple夫妇 took good care 照顾of the baby while occupied 从事占有by their work.   

②表示结果状语的时候，往往放在句末，也可以和thus连用

a    it rained heavily 猛烈地, causing 引起severe 剧烈的flooding洪水 in that country

b    my sister works hard thus becoming a manager.经理

4 分词做补语

   分词或者分词短语做补语（宾补，主补）时，前面的谓语动词常为表示感觉的动词和使役动词

   表感觉： smell闻起来 、watch看、 notice注意到、 look at看、 listen to听、feel 感觉到  find 发现

   使役动词：  have让，使、 get 让，使， keep保持，使得、  make 使，命令  catch抓住，了解，leave委托，交由

   做宾语补足语

 e.g.    i felt the house shaking .摇动

        i should like this matter settled immediately. 我希望此事立刻得到解决。

   做主语补足语： 主动语态变为被动语态，宾补就变成主补了

  e.g.    she was heard singing唱歌 all the time.一直

         he was seen angered 发怒at the delay 延迟

5 分词的独立结构

  分词或者分词短语可以有自己的独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或者代词主格担当，放在分词或者分词短语之前，二者被称之为分词的独立结构，常用做状语。

①     the question being settled , we went home .回家

②     weather permitting允许，we’ll have the match 比赛tomorrow.

③     this done, we went home.

④     all our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.

动名词与现在分词的区别主要是：

1如果v＋ing形式在句中充当状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词，可用very，so，quite等词修饰，也可用more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。

   eg：the book is very exciting．（exciting：现在分词）

2如果v＋ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语，那么它一定是动名词, 不能用程度副词very，much等修饰。

    eg： teaching english is her full-time job．（teaching：动名词）

 

3如果v＋ing形式在句中作定语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。

区别方法是：

①动名词作定语时，说明被修饰的名词的用途（可以用"use for +动名词"这个结构代替），它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；

②现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的动作、行为，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系（可以扩展为定语从句）。

e.g.: a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢 （sleeping此处为动名词 ）

reading text 阅读课文    a sleeping bag 睡袋

 a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子 (sleeping此处为现在分词 ）

developing country 发展中国家      boiled water 开水 

4如果v＋ing形式在句中作表语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。

区别方法是：

①动名词作表语，相当于名词，此时系动词相当于“是”，通常把主语和表语的位置互换，语法和意思不变。

例如：my hobby is swimming．可改为swimming is my hobby．

②现在分词作表语，相当于形容词，不能同主语划等号。它主要用以说明主语的性质，状态不能与主语互换位置。

例如：the story is interesting.不可改为：interesting is the story

练习: 09年卫生类理工类a级阅读理解

youth年轻人 emancipation解放 in spain西班牙

    1 the spanish government 西班牙政府is so worried about为---担心 the number of young adults 成年人still仍然 living with和---一起居住 their parents 父母that it has decided to help them leave the nest.安乐窝

    2 around大约 55 percent of people aged 年龄18-34 in spain still sleep in their parents' homes, says the latest report from the country's state-run institute of youth.

     3to coax (劝诱) young people from their homes, the institute 学会学院started开始 a "youth emancipation (解放)" programme 计划this month. the programme offers提供guidance 引导in 4finding rooms and jobs.

     economists经济学家 blame 责备young people's family dependence on依赖 the precarious (不稳定性)labour劳动力 market市场 and 5increasing housing prices. housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000.

      cultural 文化的reasons 原因also contribute6 to促成，起作用 the problem, say sociologists (社会学家). family ties in south europe - italy, portugal and greece - are stronger than those in middle and north europe, said spanish sociologist almudena moreno minguez in her report "the late emancipation of spanish youth: 7key for understanding".

     "in general, young people in spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized," said minguez.

     in spain –especially特别 in the countryside乡下, it is not uncommon 不寻常的8to find entire 全部的groups of aunts, uncles, cousins堂表兄弟姐妹, nieces外甥女，侄女 and nephews (外甥/侄子) all9 living on the same street. they regularly get together for sunday dinner.

      parents' tolerance is another factor. spanish parents accept 接受late-night 午夜的partying聚会 and are wary of谨慎小心10 setting 建立bedtime睡前 rules规则.

      "a child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. if parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist," said jose antonio gomez yanez, a sociologist at carlos iii university in madrid.

      mothers' willingness乐意11 to do children's household chores 家务) worsens更坏 the problem. dionisio masso, a 60-year-old in madrid, has three children in their 20s. the eldest, 28,has a girlfriend and a job. but life with mum is good.

      "his mum does the wash and cooks for him; in the end, he lives well," masso said.