l         被动语态
英语和汉语在被动语意的构成形式上也是完全不同,汉语中通过在动词的前面添加虚词“被”,或者添加“受(到)”, “遭(到)”等表示被动语义的词语来使句子表达出被动的语意;而英语句子的被动语意是通过在句子使用被动语态的结构(be + 动词过去分词)而实现,如:
汉语句子:我被父亲批评了。
(对比)英语句子:i was blamed by my father. (介词 by引出动作“blame”的执行者—“我的父亲(my father)”)
 
提示:
英语中被动语态结构的构成形式及其所具有的结构意义是考生在语法复习中需要重点关注的地方。
 
2007年职称英语综合类三个级的考题中就多次出现被动语态的结构, 如:
 
(2007年职称英语考试综合类(c级)词汇选项试题)
1. at midnight(午夜), we were aroused by a knock(敲打) at the door(在门上的).(被唤醒)
2. she was awarded a prize(奖) for the film(电影).(被授予)
3. smoking(吸烟) will be banned in all public(公共的) places(地方) here.(将被禁止)
12. relief workers were shocked by what they saw.(感到震惊)
 
    2007年职称英语综合c级的15道词汇选项题中共有4道题直接涉及到被动语态结构, 文章阅读部分也是频繁出现涉及到被动语态的句子。
 
绝大多数的及物动词和及物动词短语都可构成被动语态。不及物动词或不及物动词的短语动词和表示状态的词无被动语态。英语中被动语态的基本结构是: “be + 及物动词的过去分词”, 英语被动语态的结构语意相当于中文中的“被...”,“受到...”,“遭到...”, “感到...” 。

ⅰ、被动语态的构成形式
被动语态是由be (助动词)+过去分词(及物动词)构成。be随主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化。现将被动语态的各种时态形式列表如下(以provide为例)
 
 
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
现在
am provided
is provided
are provided
am being provided
is being provided
are being provided
has been provided
have been provided
过去
was provided
were provided
was being provided
were being provided
had been provided
将来
shall be provided
will be provided
 
shall have been provided
will have been provided
过去将来
should be provided
would be provided
 
should have been provided
would have been provided
 
黑体结构是在职称英语考试中常出现的结构。
注:
1. 被动语态的一般疑问句和否定句的构成:构成一般疑问句时,将主语后的第一个助动词提至句首;构成否定句时,将not加在第一个助动词后,如:
 
natural gas(天然气) has been found in this area(地区). (肯定句) 天然气已经在这个地区被发现。
has natural gas been found in this area? (疑问句) 在这个地区发现天然气了吗?
natural gas has not been found in this area. (否定句) 在这个地区还没有发现天然气。
 
2.     带有情态动词的被动语态的构成:由情态动词can, may, must等加助动词be,再加过去分词构成。这些情态动词没有人称和数的变化, 如:
 
such(这样的) shops(商店) can be seen everywhere(到处) in the city(城市). 这种商店在这座城市里随处可见。

ⅱ、主动句转换为被动句:
英语语态之间的转换容易成为职称英语完成句子题部分的考点, 因此在复习中需要掌握主动语态和被动语态之间的转换方法。 主动句变为被动句是通过这样转换而实现的:
第一步:把主动句的宾语转换为被动句的主语;
第二步:把主动句的谓语换成被动语态;
第三步:把主动句的主语前加by构成短语,放在被动语态的谓语之后。此by...短语根据需要而定,有时可以省略。
 如: we                          use          coal       to heat homes.
 动作执行者(主语)         谓语       宾语(动作承受者)  状语
 
 coal       is used by  us          to heat homes.
 动作承受者   谓语   动作执行者           状语
 
注:
带有介词或副词的短语动词,如call on(号召, 拜访), carry out(执行,完成), look after, take care of等用被动语态时,应视为不可分割的一部分,后面的介饲或副词不能丢掉,如:
主动句:grandma looks after my younger brother well. 奶奶把我弟弟照顾得很好。
    
被动句:my younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).我弟弟受到了我奶奶很到的照顾。
 
(选自2006年职称英语考试综合类(c级)考题)
nice name but she's so deadly
 
1 more than a million people in the united states were told to leave their homes over the weekend as hurricane (飓风) dennis headed to the gulf coast, after killing at least 15 people in the caribbean sea.
2 if you read the news often enough=, you may notice that all hurricanes are given names. why is that? remember, there can be more than one hurricane operating at one time. without naming them, we could get confused about which storm we're talking about.
3 for hundreds of years, hurricanes in the caribbean were named after the particular religious day on which they occurred. one australian meteorologist (气象学家) began giving women's names to tropical storms at the end of the 19th century. in 1953, the us national weather service, which is responsible for tracking hurricanes and issuing warnings, began using female names for storms. by i979, both women and men's names were being used. one name for each letter of the alphabet (字母表) is selected, except for q, u and z.
4 so who decides which names are used' each year? the world meteorological organization uses six lists in rotation, so each list is reused every six years.
5 here's a list of the 2005 atlantic hurricanes, according to the us national hurricane centre: arlene, bret, cindy, dennis, emily, franklin, gert, harvey, irene, jose, katrina, lee, maria, nate, ophelia, philippe, rita, stan, tammy, vince, wilma.
 
23 paragraph 1      
24 paragraph 2      
25 paragraph 3      
26 paragraph 4      
a reason for naming hurricanes
b warning of an approaching hurricane
c deadly women
d history of naming hurricanes
e organization responsible for naming hurricanes
f ways to track hurricanes
 
27 over a million people were warned not      .
28 the responsibility of the us national weather service is      .
29 hurricanes are given names      .
30 at the end of the 19th century, women's names started      .
   a to track hurricanes and issue warnings
   b to avoid confusion
   c to stay at home
   d to be given to tropical storms
   e to make predictions
   f to kill at least 15 people
 
    该文章后的4道完成句子题中有3道(27题,29题和30题 )涉及到被动语态结构, 而第30题的考点就是考察主动语态与被动语态之间的转换。
30. d. 解析:30题所在的句子说“十九世纪末, 女性的名字开始...”。本题依据是第三段的第二句话:one australian meteorologist began giving women’s names to tropical storms at the end of the 19th century.(十九世纪末,一位澳大利亚的气象学家开始用女性的名字来给热带风暴命名)。显然答案应该是d(被给予热带风暴)。
主动语态: one australian meteorologist began giving women’s names to tropical storms
被动语态: women’s names started to be given to tropical names (by one australian meteorologist)
 
(参考答案:23:b; 24:a; 25:d; 26:e; 27:c; 28:a; 29:b;30:d)