l 定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。根据定语从句与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。
引导定语从句的词有两类:
1、 关系代词:which, that, who, whom, whose
2、 关系副词:when, where, why
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,如去掉从句,句子的意思就不完整,不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。把限制性定语从句翻译成定语时,通常可以把引导定语从句的连接词译成中文中标志定语结构的虚词“的”,如:
did you see the letter(信) that i sent(寄) him? 你看到我寄给他的信了吗?
ⅰ关系代词引出限制性定语从句
which, that代替事或物,在从句中做主语,宾语(作宾语时可省略), 表语。who, that代替人,在从句中who做主语,whom作宾语(可省略)。whose代替人或物,在从句中做定语。如:
the road(道路) which (that)leads to (通往)the small town (城镇)has been widened(加宽). (which或that 在从句中做主语)
i want(想要) the book(书) that(which) you borrowed(借) from the library(图书馆).(that或which在从句中作宾语)
students(学生) who (that)study hard are usually(通常) successful(成功的).(who或that在从句中做主语)
2. the man whom(that )you are talking to is the dean(系主任) of our department(系).(whom, that 在从句中作宾语)
3. there have been only a few scientists(科学家) whose work(工作) has changed (改变)man’s total(整个的) view(看法) of the world(世界).(whose指人,whose所在的结构在从句中做主语)