英语中, 通常是主语在谓语动词的前面, 是“主语+谓语”结构,这叫陈述语序,也称为正常语序, 如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前, 就称为倒装语序。有的倒装语序把整个谓语动词放在主语之前, 称为完全倒装,有的只是谓语动词的一部分(通常是助动词,情态动词,系动词be或谓语的一部分)放在主语之前, 称为部分倒装。复习中考生主要需要了解部分倒装结构的构成形式。
部分倒装
1.否定词或具有(半)否定意义的词语置于句首作为句首状语时,一般必须采用部分倒装语序。具有否定或半否定意义的词和词组有:no(不,没有) , never(从不, 决不), seldom(很少), little(很少的), few(很少的), rarely(很少地), hardly(几乎不), never before(从不), no longer(不再), no more(不再), not until(直到...才), in no way(决不), in/under no circumstances(决不), in no case(决不), hardly...when(一...就...), scarcely...when/before(一...就...), no sooner...than(一...就...)等,如:
e.g. never before have i seen(看见) such a wonderful(奇妙的) park(公园).
e.g. no sooner had i gone out(出去) than it rained(下雨).我刚出去,就下雨了。
e.g. seldom have i met(遇见) him recently(最近). 最近我很少遇见他。
e.g. under no circumstances will we be the first(第一) to use nuclear weapons(核武器).
“only(仅仅) + 副词、介词短语、状语从句”位于句首,即当句首状语由only修饰时,需要采用部分倒装, 如:
e.g. only in beijing have i seen(看见) so beautiful(美丽的) scenery(景色).
e.g. only if/when he is seriously ill(生病的) does he stay in bed.
由so(neither, nor)指代前面一句的内容表示“也是(也不)”的意义时,通常位于句首,并引起倒装, 如:
e.g. tom can’t speak(说,讲) french(法语). nor(neither) can jack.
e.g. he has finished(完成) his work, and so have i.
注:当so 引出的句子是对上文的内容加以证实或肯定时,不用倒装, 如:
e.g. “bill will win(赢得) the race(赛跑).”—so he will.
当对as等引导的分句中的形容词、分词强调时,一般采取以下倒装结构:形容词/分词/副词/+as/ +主语+谓语
e.g. strong as he is, he cannot lift(举起) the big stone(石头).
虚拟条件句中如果出现了were, had或should等词,也引起部分倒装,但如从句中没有were, had或should,则不能这样做。如:
e.g. should he come(来), tell him to ring me up(给某人打电话).
→ if he should come, tell him to ring me up.
e.g.had they not helped(帮助) us, our experiment(实验) would have failed(失败).
→ if they had not helped, our experiment would have failed.
职称英语考题中可能会对倒装结构进行直接或间接地考察,如:
(选自2003年版职称英语考试综合类教材)
from why does food cost so high?
the farmers(农民) have not been benefited (使。。。受益)very much. ___________.
a. nor have the middlemen(中间人).
b. to increase the prices for food.
c. that they cannot agree on(对...达成一致意见) the causes of the increase in prices.
d. to agree on the reasons for the increase.
e. by buying prepared food.
f. the popularization(普及) of convenience food.
空格处应该出现一个完整的句子,因此只有选项a是答案(其他选项都不是独立的句子)。选项a是一个倒装结构:与前句中的否定结构形成呼应的连词nor(也不, 也没有)出现在句首, 句中谓语提到主语的前面形成倒装。 选项a说“中间人也没有(获得很大利润)”。