学位英语

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23——30题，每题1分，共8分)

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——6段其中四段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

Screen Test

Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early ecough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

But the medical benefit of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led, to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

“There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks.” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

23. Paragraph 2_____

24. Paragraph 3_____

25. Paragraph 4_____

26. Paragraph 5_____

A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

B. Investigating the Effect of Screening

C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

E. Treatment of Cancers

F. Factors That Trigger Cancers

27. Early discovery of breast cancer may_____.

28. Advantages of screening women under 50 are_____.

29. Delaying the age at which screening starts may_____.

30. Radiation exposure should be_____.

A. be costly

B. harmful

C. save a life

D. still open to debate

E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

F. reduced to the minimum

参考答案：23-30ABC DCDEF

第4部分：阅读理解(第31——45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇

Powering a City? It’s a Breeze.

The graceful wooden windmills that have broken up the flat Dutch landscape for centuries — a national symbol like wooden shoes and tulips — yielded long ago to ungainly metal-pole turbines.

Now, windmills are breaking into a new frontier. Though still in its teething stages, the “urban turbine” is a high-tech windmill designed to generate energy from the rooftops of busy cities. Lighter, quieter, and often more efficient than rural counterparts, they take advantage of the extreme turbulence and rapid shifts in direction that characterize urban wind patterns.

Prototypes have been successfully tested in several Dutch cities, and the city government in the Hague has recently agreed to begin a large-scale deployment in 2003. Current models cost US $8, 000 to US $12, 000 and can generate between 3, 000 and 7, 000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. A typical Dutch household uses 3,500 kilowatt hours per year, while in the United States, this figure jumps to around 10, 000 kilowatt hours.

But so far, they are being designed more for public or commercial buildings than for private homes. The smallest of the current models weigh roughly 200 kilograms and can be installed on a roof in a few hours without using a crane.

Germany, Finland and Denmark have also been experimenting with the technology, but the ever-practical Dutch are natural pioneers in urban wind power mainly because of the lack of space. The Netherlands, with 16 million people crowded into a country twice the size of Slovenia, is the most densely populated in Europe.

Problems remain, however, for example, public safety concerns, and so strict standards should be applied to any potential manufacturer. Vibrations are the main problem in skyscraper-high turbine. People don’t know what it would be like to work there, in an office next to one of the big turbines. It might be too hectic.

Meanwhile, projects are under way to use minimills to generate power for lifeboats, streetlights, and portable generators. “I think the thing about wind power is that you can use it in a whole range of situations,” said Corin Millais, of the European Wind Energy Association. “It’s a very local technology, and you can use it right in your backyard, I don’t think anybody wants a nuclear power plant in their backyard.”

31. What are the symbols of the Netherlands according to the first paragraph?

A. The flat landscape.

B. Wooden shoes and wooden windmills.

C. Metal-pole turbines.

D. Both A and B.

32. Which statement best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph?

A. It is a windmill put on rooftops of buildings for energy generation.

B. It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people.

C. It is light and quiet and therefore more efficient.

D. It is driven by urban wind.

33. The smallest models of an urban turbine

A. is designed for private homes.

B. weighs 2,000 kilograms.

C. can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane.

D. can he installed with a crane.

34. Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology because

A. the Dutch are natural pioneers.

B. the Dutch have a tradition with windmills.

C. the Netherlands is windier than Germany, Finland and Slovenia.

D. the Netherlands is a small country with a large population.

35. According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology?

A. It can be used for different purposes.

B. It can replace nuclear power plant.

C. It can be installed in one’s backyard.

D. Both A and C.

（责任编辑：中大编辑）

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