动词时态
一. 一般现在时的基本用法
1. 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态
常和always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, every week 等时间状语连用。
He is often late.
He goes to work every day.
Do you drive?
He teaches English.
2. 表示普遍真理
由于是众所周知的客观事实,所以一般不用时间状语。
The earth is roun.
3. 有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时表示。
I want your help. I don’t think you are right. Does it (your leg) hurt? 疼吗? (腿疼吗?)
4. 在时间。条件状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, We’ll go to the Summer Palace.
When he gets to the village, he will write to me.
5. 表示已经预先计划或安排的肯定要发生的动作
主要用于come, go, start, begin, leave, return, stop 等瞬间动词,句中常有表示将来时间的状语。
Next week they leave for Shanghai. Our holidays begin in a week.
6. 其他
Here comes Li Ming! There goes the bell. Here he comes.
二. 一般过去时的基本用法
1. 带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时
如:yesterday(昨天), two days ago……(两天前……), last year……(去年……),
the other day (前几天), once upon a time(过去曾经) just now in the old days (过去的日子里), before liberation(解放前……),
When I was 8 yeas old(当我八岁时……)
Did you have a party the other day?
Lei Feng was a good soldier.
注意:当谈已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。
2. 表示过去连续发生的动作,要用过去时
这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then died.
3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作
常与always, never 等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. (只说明她过去的动作,不表明他现在是否常带伞。)
比较:Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella. (说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着伞。
I never drank wine. (不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)
4. 如果强调已经中止得习惯时要用used to do
He used to drink. (意味着他现在不喝酒了,喝酒这个动作终止了。)
I used to take a walk in the morning. (意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)
5. 有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时,这一点,我们中国学生往往出错,要特别注意!
I didn’t know you were in Paris.
(这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示,实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here. )
I thought you were ill. (在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)
三. 现在进行时态
1. 现在进行时的基本用法
1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作
常和now连用,有时用一个动词look(看),listen(听)来表示now(现在)这一时间概念。
Look! A train is coming.
Listen! He is playing the piano.
2. 表示现阶段正在进行着的动作
常和at present (目前),this week(本周),these days(这几天)……等时间状语连用。
What lesson are you studying this week? (说话时并不在学)
注意:如果没有表示将来时间的状语,此类句子就可能指现在或现阶段的动作。
Where are you going next week? (用现在进行时表示将来时,因为有next week这一时间状语)
3. 现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或按排要进行的动作
即可以用来代替将来时,此时一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用,而且仅限于少量动词。
如:go(去),come(来),leave(离开),start(开始),arrive(到达),return(返回),sleep(睡觉)……
Are you going to Tianjing tomorrow?
How many of you are coming to the party next week?
4. be going to+动词原形: 这一句型表示即将发生的事或打算(准备)做的事,我们把它归在将来时里了。
She isn’t going to speak at the meeting.
5. 没有进行时的动词: 表示状态. 思想. 感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作
(1) 表示感觉的感官动词
例如:see(看见). hear(听见). notice(留意)等动词。我们不能说:
(×)I’m hearing the sound. (O) I hear the sound.
(×)Are you hearing the noise of a plane? (O) Do you hear the noise of a plane?
但是,如果hear不表示“听见”的意思时,可用进行时。
They are hearing an English lecture. 他们在听一个英语讲座。
(2) 表示态度和感情. 心理状态. 继续等意思的动词
如:like (喜欢). Love (爱). Know (知道). Want (需要). Hope (希望). Hate (恨). Think (认为). Agree (同意). belive (相信)等。
(×)I’m liking dogs. (O) I like dogs.
(3). have (has)当“拥有”讲时
(×)I’m having a lot of books. (O) I have a lot of books.
但当have(has)当“吃饭. 开会……玩的愉快……”等意思时,可用进行时。
We are having a good time.
6. 一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作,而现在进行时表示暂时性的动作。
He walks to work. (习惯. 经常的动作)
He’s walking to work because his bike is being repaired. (只是暂时的情况)
Where does he live? (询问一般的情况)
Where is he living (staying)?(询问暂时一段时间的情况)
(2) 现在进行时有时可以代替一般现在时,表达说话人的某种表情,句子有强烈的感情色彩。常与always, forever连用。
You are always forgetting the important thing. (表达出不满的情绪)
Mary is doing fine work at school. (比Mary does fine work. 更富有赞许意思)
7. 过去进行时
(1) 过去进行时主要表示过去某一个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作,常和表示过去时间的状语then, at this(that) time, yesterday, at night, last night等连用。但在不少情况下,没有表示时间的状语,这时需要通过上下文来表示。
What were you doing at nine last night?
I was visiting a friend of mine most of the afternoon.
(2) 当两个一长一短的动作在过去某时间同时发生时,用过去进行时表示较长的动作,过去进行时可用于主句,也可用于从句。注意:当两个延续动作同时并列时,二者都可用进行时表达。
It was raining hard when I left my office.
When you called, I was eating.
When I was cleaning the windows, my brother was sweeping the floor.
Some students were playing football while others were running round the track.
We were walking along the river when (suddenly) it rained.
They were watching TV when the lights went out.
(3) 过去进行时表示将来的动作
现在进行时可以表示将来的动作,同样,过去进行时也可以表示从过去某一时间看将来发生的动作。常用在间接引语中。
She went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.
She asked him whether he was coming back for lunch.
(4) 过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作,而一般过去时则表示一个完整的动作,
也就是说用一般过去时,只表示有过这件事,用过去进行时,则强调了动作的连续性。
Li Ming washed the dishes. 李明洗过盘子了。 Li Ming was washing the dishes. 李明在洗盘子。
The children watched TV yesterday evening. 昨天晚上孩子们看了电视。
The children were watching TV yesterday evening. 昨天孩子们整晚都在看电视。(没干别的)
I was reading a novel this morning. 上午我在看小说。(可能没看完)
I read a novel this morning. 上午我看了一本小说。(已经看完了)
四. 一般将来时态
(1)一般将来时表示在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态
(责任编辑:)