BEC

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1、 Legal entity 法人实体

2、 Confirmed credit 保兑信用证

3、 Counter offer 还盘

4、 gold tranche 黄金份额

5、 terms of trade 贸易条件

6、 tariff schedule 税率表 税则

7、 partial shipment 分批装运

8、 hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀

9、 intellectual property 知识产权

10、 long-term capital 长期资本

11、 (汇率)间接标价 indirect quote

12、 中间产品 intermediate product

13、 反倾销 anti-dumping

14、 共同市场 common market

15、 大路货 staple goods

16、 绝对利益 absolute advantage

17、 远期信用证 usance credit

18、 价格条件 terms of sale

19、 受票人 drawee

20、 结关 customs clearance

21、 Purchasing power: of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services

22、 Integration: combining into a whole

23、 Specialization: to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields

24、 Drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when reexported

25、 Dispute: argument or controversy

26、 Force majeure: social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party.

27、 Fluctuation: irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.)

28、 Potential loss: loss which is possible to incur.

29、 Maturity: the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due

30、 Membership: the state of being a member of a certain organization

31、 Opening bank: an opening bank is the bank that issues a letter of credit.

32、 Firm offer: a firm offer is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.

33、 Insurance policy: an insurance policy is a document used for covering possible risks.

34、 Intellectual property: it means certain non-tangible assets held, principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade arks and designs, ad copyright.

35、 ICC : the International Chamber of Commerce.

International trade-the exchange of goods and services across borders is often explained by the theory of comparative advantage which has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. This theory was produced by David Ricardo who was an English economist in the nineteenth century. This theory points out that trade between countries can be mutually beneficial even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of every commodity. As long as there are minor, relative differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity, even the poor country can have a comparative advantage in producing it comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of the endowments of nature. A case in point is Switzerland’s comparative advantage in watchmaking.

46、what is licensing? Why do firms choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?

In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.

47、what are the functions of insurance?

The functions of insurance are that through insurance, a group of individuals transfer risk and provide for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.

48、without insurance what kind of uncertainty may be experienced by an individual or an enterprise?

Without insurance, there would be a great deal of uncertainty experienced by an individual or an enterprise, not only as to whether a loss would occur, but also as to what size it would be if it did occur.

49、what are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate? Explain briefly.

There are three major factors influencing the exchange rate: (1) international balance of payment. It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand of foreign exchange. (2) inflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currency ad the competitiveness of the commodity. (3) interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency and vice versa.

50、it should be noted ,however, that the existence of a letter of credit is not a guarantee of payment to anyone. Its existence only assures payment to the beneficiary if the terms and conditions of the letter of credit are fulfilled. In addition, a letter of credit does not insure that the materials purchased will be those invoiced or shipped.

然而应该注意，有了信用证并不能保证对任何人付款，信用证只保证在其条款得到满足的情况下对受益人付款。另外，信用证不担保发票载明的货物或实际装运的货物就是所购货物。

51、allowing foreign banks to enter the Chinese market will exert a positive influence on domestic banks, making Chinese banks more competitive, introducing new technology and information and providing additional funds. But in the short and not-so-long term future after foreign banks enter the Chinese market, these banks will be able to use lower prices and efficient services, including such services as tele-banking, to win over a large number of customers from domestic banks, especially prized customers. This will result in a cut in the amount of funds in the hands of domestic banks. The toughest challenge the government will face will be to eliminate bad debts, implement cautious and standard risk management models, and tighten up bank administration so that domestic banks can adapt to international competition.

允许外国银行进入中国市场将对国内银行产生积极影响，使其更具竞争力，引进新技术、新信息，并提供更多资金。但是在短期和不太长的时期内，外国银行进入中国市场将能利用低廉的价格和高效的服务，包括远程银行服务，从国内银行拉走大量客户，尤其是受重视的客户。这将导致国内银行手中掌握的资金减少。政府面临的最严峻的挑战是消除坏账，执行谨慎、规范的风险管理模式，加强对银行的管理，以使国内银行能适应国际竞争。

52、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及许多因素，因而比国内贸易复杂得多。

International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.

53、尽管母公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company.

54、对销贸易据称是发展中国家和中央计划经济国家广泛使用的一种特殊形式的交易。

Counter trade is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less-developed countries and in centrally planned economies.

55、根据商品性质及各国具体规定不同，可能需要各种证书。

Various certificates may be required depending on the nature of the commodity and the stipulations of the specific countries.

56、一旦发盘或还盘被接受，便认为是达成了交易。

Transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter offer is accepted.

考前密押(一)

1、 title to the goods

（责任编辑：中大编辑）