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2012翻译资格考试常见英语词语辨析(4)

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31.sure与certain

两词都是表语性形容词,意为“一定的,确实的”(certain还可作定语),后接of/about,动词不定式和that引导的从句。如:we are sure/certain of winning the game.我们确信会赢。i’m not sure/certain about some of the english idioms.我对英语的某些成语没有把握。we are sure/certain to win the game.我们一定会赢得比赛的胜利的。she is sure/certain that his lecture will be warmly welcome.她确信他的讲座一定会受到热烈欢迎。certain可以用于it is certain that…句式中,而sure则不可以。如:it is certain(此处不能用sure) that the project will be a success.工程会成功,这是确定无疑的。

32.spend, pay与cost

三词都作“花费金钱”解,差异如下:①spend与pay必须由人来作主语,而cost却由物(即it)来作主语,如:he has spent all his money on books.他把全部的钱都买了书。during the next ten years we both worked night and day to pay for it.为了还债,10年来我们俩夜以继日地干活。what will it cost me? it will cost you 20 dollars.这要花我多少钱?要花你20元钱。②spend与pay搭的介词不一样,前者常与on连用,后者常与for连用。而cost的花费,可以是金钱,还可是时间、精力或劳力等。主语是物,后接的宾语是人,不需任何介词。

33.because, since与as

because语气最强,着重说明原因或理由,引导的从句一般放在主句之后,用以回答why的问句。as的语气比because稍弱,只说明一般的因果关系,引导的从句放在主句之前、之后都可。since语气最弱,所说明的有时不是根本或直接原因,而是一种“附带原因”,引导的从句往往放在主句之前。一般译为“既然,鉴于”。

34.take, bring与fetch

三个词都是及物动词,都有“拿”的意思,但用法有所不同,主要表现在运动的方向上。①take指把人或物从说话人的地方带到别的地方去,意为“拿走”,如:don’t forget to take the schoolbag with you.别忘了把书包带去。please take this book to the library.请把这本书带到图书馆去。②bring指把人或物从别处带到说话人所在的地方,意为“带来”,如:he brought me some sweets.他给我带来了一些糖。to do such a thing will only bring trouble.做这样的事只能带来麻烦。③fetch指从说话人所在的地方到别处去把人或物带回来,意为“去取”,如:go and fetch a doctor.去请医生来。who can fetch me some chalk?谁去给我拿些粉笔来?

35.each与every

两词都是“每个”的意思,但着重点不同。each着重个别的情况,every着重全体,有“所有的”意思。如:she knows each student of the class.她认识这个班的每一个学生。she knows every student of the class.她认识这个班所有的学生。①each可作形容词,也可作代词,可用作主、宾或同位语。作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,each可用于两个或两个以上的人或物,所以它的全部否定是none或neither。②every只是形容词,后接名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。因为是形容词,所以不能说every of us,而要说each of us.③each/every…与not连用,表示部分否定,意为“并不是每个都”,如:each of them doesn't swim.他们并非都游泳。every student is not able to swim.不是每一个学生都会游泳。

36.no one与none

①no one没有人(只指人,不能用来指物),意思与nobody相同,作主语时不需跟of短语连用,如:no one believes him since he is not honest.没有人相信他,因为他不诚实。no one else but i went.除我以外,谁也没去。②none一个也没有(既可指人,也可指任何东西)。作主语时,代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,代替可数名词,谓语动词单、复数都可以。但在“主系表”句型中,如表语为复数,则系动词要用复数形式,如:none of us are (is) afraid of difficulties.我们谁也不怕困难。there is none of it left.那东西一点也没剩下。③在回答“一个都没有”时,除了注意人或物的区别外,还要看提问的角度,也就是用how many/much来问,习惯上用none来否定回答,用is there any…来问,就用no one来回答。

37.trip, travel, tour与journey

①trip是非正式用语,常可作journey的替换词,强调一次往返的短途旅程。如:he went on a trip to the nearest seaside during his vacation.假期中他到最近的海滨作了一次旅行(远足)。

②travel泛指旅行、游历,尤指国外旅行,但无路程的含义。如:we plan to travel to africa.我们计划去非洲旅行。

③tour作“游历、观光、参观访问”解,强调在“漫游,巡视”。如:the play will tour the countryside in the autumn.这出戏将于今秋在农村巡回演出。

④journey常指陆地上由一地到另一地的旅行,也指旅行的路程,是个较正式的用法。如:we made a journey to the northeast of china.我们在中国的东北作了一次旅行。

38.destroy与damage

①destroy主要在于“破坏,摧毁”的严重后果,具有主观意识,同时还有“打破(希望、计划),消灭,歼灭(敌人)”之意,如:we’ll destroy the old world and build the new.我们将打破旧世界,建设新世界。all the hopes were destroyed.所有的希望都破灭了。the hurricane destroyed the whole town.飓风摧毁了整个镇子。

②damage“损害,破坏,损失”,主要表示“某事给……带来损害”,如:the storm caused great damage.暴风雨造成了巨大损失。his words have done a lot of damage to the government’s popularity.他的讲话给政府的声望带来很大损害。

39.be about to do sth.与be to do sth

①be about to do=to be just ready to; be going to正要,马上就,使用时不可再与表示时间的词语连用。如:we were about to leave when it started to rain.我们正要离开时,天突然下起雨来了。i was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我正要上床睡觉,这时有人敲门。

②be to do sth.表示“一定会发生”,“将来的安排”,“将来可能发生”。例如:we are to get married next week.我们将于下周结婚。what am i to do?我该怎么做?i'm to see him today at 6 o'clock.我今天将在6点钟去看他。am i to go on with my speech?我要继续讲下去吗?

40.go on doing, go on to do与go on with

这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思,其区别如下:go on doing表示“继续做,一直在做的事(中间无间断)”;go on to do表示“接着做某事”,即某事已做完,接着做另一件事;go on with也表示“继续做某事”,其含义是某一动作一度中止后,又继续下去。如:he told dr bethune not to go on operating any more.他告诉白求恩大夫不要继续手术了。after reading english, i went on to do maths exercises.读了英语之后,我接着做数学练习。after having a break, we went on with our lessons.休息之后,我们继续上课。

41.too much与much too

二者都表示“太”,“非常”之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,但不可修饰动词。it’s much too cold.天气实在是太冷了。too much作“太多”讲有以下三种用法。

①作名词词组,如:you have given us too much.你给我们的太多了。

②作形容词词组修饰不可数名词,如:don’t drink too much wine.不要饮太多的酒。

③作副词词组修饰不及物动词,如:she talks too much.她说话太多。

42.rather与fairly

两词都可作“相当地”,“颇有几分”讲。其主要区别如下:

①fairly主要与“令人有愉快感”的形容词或副词连用,如:good, bravely, well, nice等。而rather作此意解时,则用于“令人不愉快”的形容词或副词,如:bad, ugly等。如:tom is rather lazy, but john is fairly diligent.汤姆很懒惰,而约翰却相当勤奋。

②如果一个单数名词有形容词修饰,不定冠词须放在fairly前面,而rather却是放前放后皆可。如:this is a fairly interesting book.这是一本很有趣的书。this book is rather an interesting one.(同前。)

③有些词本身无所谓“令人愉快”或“不愉快”之意,如:fast, show, hot, cold等,说话人则可用fairly来表“赞许”,用rather来表示“不以为然”。

④fairly往往表示“恰到好处,恰当”,而rather含有“太过分,有过之”之意。试比较:this book is fairly easy for you to read.(正好合适你读。) this book is rather easy for you to read.(太简单以致不合适了。)

⑤rather还可用在alike, like, similar, different等词和“有”前,此时含义是“有点儿”或“稍微”之意。如:the weather was rather worse than i had expected.这天气比我所预料的要糟糕些。

43.lively, living与alive

①lively adj. 生动的,活泼的,可作定语或表语。如:what lively colours!多么鲜艳的颜色啊! she is a lively girl.她是个活泼的姑娘。

②living adj. 活着的,健在的;n. 谋生,生计。如:living things生物;make a living谋生;earn one's living谋生度日;that man is still living.那人还健在(在世)。

③alive adj. 活的,活着的,表语性形容词,一般可与living互换。若作定语,要放在所修饰的词之后。如:that man is not dead, he is still alive.(=he is still living.)那人没死,他还活着。he is the greatest musician alive.他是活着的最伟大的音乐家

44.instead of, in place of与take the place of

①instead of是介词短语,意思是“代替”,“而不是”,作介词短语后接名词、动名词和宾格代词;作连词短语后接不定式(一般不省略to),谓语动词、形容词、副词和介词短语等。如:john will attend the meeting instead of his manager.约翰将代替经理出席这次会议。you should have some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.你应多锻炼身体,不要整天呆在家里。the temperature has risen up instead of fallen down.温度上升了而并没有下降。this is dull instead of interesting.这不但没趣,反倒枯燥。

②in place of介词短语“代替”,通常后接名(代)词,可与instead of互换。如:people often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.人们常用塑料来代替木材和金属。但instead of sb./sth.可略去介词of及其宾语,而in place of通常不能将其省略。

③take the place of动词词组,“代替”(职务,工作等),如:most scientists agree that computers can’t completely take the place of humans.大多数科学家认为,计算机并不能完全代替人。作“代替”解时,不可将the去掉或改换为one’s,那样会引起歧义,要注意区分。

45.pain, ache和hurt

这三个词都和疼痛有关。ache和pain多作名词,hurt只能作动词。ache指“(人)身体疼痛”,往往用于持续的疼痛或因一些小病引起的感觉,常指“局部的”疼痛。back(背)、ear(耳)、head(头)、heart(心)、stomach(胃)、tummy(肚)、tooth等词与ache构成复合词,表示身体部位的疼痛。如果指身体其他部分之疼痛则用pain或ache表示,如:a pain /ache inmy foot脚痛。单数ache可与不定冠词连用,也可以不用不定冠词,如:he has got an ache in his foot.他脚痛。he has aches on his back.他背上痛。ache也可作动词,如:i ache all over.我全身疼痛。my head aches.我头痛。pain指“肉体或精神上的痛苦、悲痛”,比ache要严重些,如:she is in great pain.她深为痛苦。the boy broke his arm and cried with pain.那个男孩摔断手臂,痛得大叫。pain也可以当及物动词,指“使痛苦”,如:my foot is still paining me.我的脚还在痛。aches and pains指“疼痛”,如:i have aches and pains all over.我全身疼痛。hurt只作动词,可以指“(使)受伤,(使)疼痛,伤害”,如:he hurt his back when he fell.他跌倒时伤了背部。he was badly hurt in this traffic accident.在这起交通事故中,他受了重伤。did you hurt yourself?你弄伤自己了吗?hurt也可以指“伤害(某人的感情);使伤心”,如:my feelings were hurt when he didn't ask me to the party.他没邀请我参加宴会,我很伤心。hurt还可以指“受损伤、有害、有不良影响”,如:it won't hurt to wait a bit longer.再等一会儿(对你)没有什么关系。some chinese big companies have seen their business hurtby nato's air strike on yugoslavia.一些中国的大公司看到了他们的生意因北约空袭南斯拉夫而受损。

46.before long和long before

before long和long before形式构成上相差不大,但其意义差别较大,也导致了它们在决定句子时态上的差异。before long“不久”,句子时态用将来时。如:this park will be open again before long. 这个公园不久将重新开放。our school will have a lot of new computers beforel ong. 我们学校不久将会有大批的新电脑。long before “很久以前”,句子时态用过去时。如:long before i received an e-mail from my american friend mary. 很久以前,我收到美国朋友玛丽的一封邮件。

47.lonely和alone

二者都可表示“孤独”,“独自”这一意思,alone指客观存在的“孤独”,而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞”。如:i went alone. 我是一个人去的。mary lived alone,but she didn't feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤独!

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