crowd throng swarm
都含"一群"、"众多"的意思。
crowd指"无秩序地聚集在一起的一大群人", 如:
A crowd of people were waiting in front of the gate.
一大群人在门前等着。
throng指"蜂拥行进的人群", 它不及crowd 口语化, 如:
throngs of celebrators at Times Square
在时代广场举行庆祝活动的人群。
swarm 指"一大群杂乱无章移动的人", 如:
a swarm of sightseers
一大群观光者。
cut across
取捷径;走近路
超越
cut back
剪枝;修剪
减少;缩小;削减
to cut back on industrial production
缩减工业生产
cut down
砍倒;砍伤;砍死
to cut down a tree with an axe
用斧头把树砍倒
减少;减低
to cut down on smoking
减少抽烟
损害…健康;使残废;(疾病)杀害
cut in
插嘴
Don’t cut in while I’m talking.
我说话时别插嘴。
超车抢挡;(突然)插入
to cut in on a queue
加塞儿
cut out
剪除;切掉;割掉
to cut out a dress
裁剪衣服
停止;放弃
to cut out smoking
戒烟
cut up
切碎
使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.
在丈夫抛弃她之后,简痛苦极了。
damage destroy ruin
都含"破坏"、"毁坏"的意思。
damage 指"价值、用途降低或外表损坏等, 不一定全部破坏, 损坏了还可以修复", 如:
The heavy rain damaged many houses.
大雨毁坏了许多房子。
destroy 指"彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复", 如:
That town was destroyed in a big fire.
那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。
ruin现在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的"弄坏了", 如:
He knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.
他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄脏了。
danger peril hazard risk
都含"危险"的意思。
danger系常用词, 指"目前的危险, 也可指今后的或不一定发生的危险", 如:
The patient was out of danger.
病人已经脱离危险了。
peril语气比danger强, 指"接近更严重的危险", 如:
He is in peril of his life.
他命在旦夕。
danger 是个通用词,其"危险"的含义可强可弱,可大可小,risk 亦然,其不同于 danger 之处仅在于:risk 还包含着"知道危险的存在"的意思,所以它可汉译为"冒险",另外,danger 只用作名词,而 risk 既可用作名词,也可用作动词。用作名词的 risk 的常用搭配为 take (run) the risk of doing…
hazard 指"变幻莫测、无法控制的危险", 带有"碰运气"的意思, 如:
He had a life full of hazard.
他一生充满了冒险。
risk 指"风险", 含有"主动冒险"的意思, 如:
He rescued a child at the risk of his own life.
他冒着生命危险把那个孩子救出来了。
decide determine resolve
都有"决定"的意思。
decide 指"经过询问、研讨和考虑之后, 在几种可能的选择之中作出决定", 如:
She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday.
她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。
determine指"决心作某一件事而不动摇", 如:
We have determined to get the work done ahead of schedule.
我们已经决定要提前完成这项工作。
resolve指"打定主意做某事或不做某事", 如:
I resolve to study English.
我决定学英语。
decide,determine这两个词都有"决定"的意思。
decide的含义是"不再迟疑不定",而determine含义是把某件事确定下来。
to decide to give a dinner party (决定设一次宴会,此语的内涵是:关于设宴会一事不再迟疑了
to determine the guests to be invited (确定要邀请的客人),此语的内涵意思是:要请哪些人而不请那些人。
在be determined to do…这个固定的结构中,过去分词determined的词义为"下定了决心".decide的名词为decision,determine的名词为determination.
At first,she decided to go to the police,…
起初,她决定去找警察……
On the last day I made a big decision.
在最后一天我作了一个重大的决定。
注:decide后跟宾语从句时,其含义有时是"断定".
I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。
I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.
给我提供了一大笔搬迁费,可是我决心留在这个地方。
The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes.
你的脚的大小决定了鞋的尺码。
The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.
脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。
注:在determine to do…, determine on (upon)…和determine…,(宾词从句)三个搭配中,determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异
He determined to learn medicine. (He decided to learn medicine.)
他决定学医。
We determined on an early start.(We determined to start early.)
我们决定早动身。
Have you determined where you are going to spend your holidays? (Have you decided where you are going to spend your holidays?)
你有没有决定到哪里去度假?
注:decide 某人to do 某事:"决定使某人做某事"
What decided you to give up your job?
什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作?
decrease dwindle diminish reduce
都含"减少"的意思。
decrease 指"渐渐地减少", 如:
His temperature decreases.
他的烧退了。
dwindle 同decrease 一样, 也是"逐渐地减少", 但经常指"减少到无或消耗到完为止", 如:
My savings have dwindled.
我的积蓄减少了。
diminish 指"形状缩小, 数量减少", 特指"看得出来的缩小或减少", 如:
diminish the revenue by reducing tax
用减税而使国家的收入减少。
reduce 指"人为地减少、降低", 如:
reduce speed
减速。
decrease,lessen,diminish,reduce,abate,dwindle这组动词的一般含义为"减少".
decrease 和lessen比较普通,如果用词不讲究,可以代替这组词中任何其他词。decrease (名词亦为decrease,但重音在第一个音节上)强调数目或使人不快之物的逐渐减少。
如:to decrease the number of working hours,to decrease traffic accidents.
The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay.
工人要求减少工作时间而增加工资。
lessen 可以表示数量或程度的减少。
如: to lessen hazard,to lessen anxiety等等。
Light lessens as evening comes on.
随着黄昏的来临,光线逐渐变弱。
diminish 表示减少损失。
如: to diminish research endownments
However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished.
然而,我的热情减退了。我在做操上花的时间逐渐减少了。
reduce 可以表示尺寸、数量、程度或强度的减少,词义引伸之后,可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低。如:to reduce the speed,to reduce household expense,to be reduced to tears,to be reduced to ashes.
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship ,for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly,this rudder would be torn away.
这大大减低了船速,因为如果它走得太快,这个舵会有被冲掉的危险。
reduce 的名词为reduction,abate 的名词为abatement,dwindle的名词为dwindlement.
abate 表示减少时其内涵是使过分或过量的事物得到缓和。
如: to abate taxes,to abate imports.
The doctor gave him some medicine to abate the powerful pain.
医生给了他某种药,以减弱那剧烈的疼痛。
This is a pity,because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
这是件憾事,因为减少噪音实在是一项美好的事业;如果把它与贫乏的科学知识搅在一起, 那么这种美好的事业有可能使人生疑。
(责任编辑:中大编辑)