成人英语三级

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 Chapter 7

Changes in Word Meaning

1．Types of changes

1）Extension

The extension of meaning, the opposite of restriction, means the widening of a word's sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.

2）Narrowing

Narrowing of meaning, also called restriction of meaning, means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialised sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it previously denoted.

3）Elevation

When the meaning of a word narrows toward a more favourable meaning it is called elevation

4）Degradation

Degradation means the falling of word meaning into disrepute, for one reason or another. Words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning.

2. Causes of changes

1）Extra-linguistic factors

（1）historical reason

（2）class reason

（3）psychological reason

2）Linguistic factors

（1）shortening

（2）borrowing

（3）analogy

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