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Fighting Drug Resistance in Malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS

Anti-microbial resistance -- germs becoming resistant to medicine -- is part of the natural history of infectious disease. No drug can kill every single harmful microbe. A few bugs inside a sick person always survive. Over time, these resistant microbes may come to predominate, rendering formerly effective medicines useless. In Uganda, as in other African countries, the fight against disease is a race against drug resistance.

Sister Florence Nawanga is an herbalist at a convent near Entebbe in south-central Uganda. For the last few years, she's been cultivating a herb that's native to China, but that might hold the key to defeating malaria in Africa, too. “This is the plant,” she says, pointing to a small fern-like plant she’s seeded in the bush near the convent.

It's called "sweet wormwood," or Artemesia annua, and the drug derived from it, artemisinin, is the key ingredient of what is currently the most effective anti-malarial medicine. It came into use just as older anti-malarials such as chloroquine and quinine began to fail.

Malaria caused by a mosquito-borne parasite, kills more than one million Africans each year, most of them young children. Almost everyone in Uganda has had it at one time or another, especially those who can't afford an insecticide-treated mosquito net, a category that includes most Ugandans.

In the Kampala slum of Katanga, a grandmother cares for 11 children without a single mosquito net, administering the older, less effective anti-malaria drugs to the baby. Last week, she says, the medicine failed to save the youngest child in her care.

Malaria, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis and poverty reinforce each other in Africa, making each more deadly. Doctors say that malarial fevers in an HIV-infected person are likely to bring on full-blown AIDS, and that most African AIDS patients actually succumb to tuberculosis. The AIDS virus, too, is becoming resistant to less costly, first-line anti-retroviral drugs. And doctors note that in all three illnesses, poor people are less likely to complete drug therapies, a major cause of drug resistance.

“Because the patient is interrupted in taking the drugs, the bug recovers,” says Dr. Martin Okot-Nwang, who is the head of tuberculosis treatment at Mulago Hospital in Kampala. “And when it recovers, it's definitely not going to be the same bug."

31.What can we learn from Paragraph 1

A.A good drug can kill all harmful microbe.

B.The surviving microbes get very weak and will die soon after.

C.In Uganda, the fight against disease is a race against drug resistance.

D.Uganda is a European country

正确答案:C

解析:问题问的是：从第一段能够了解到什么？第一段最后一句提到了在乌干达，与疾病的斗争就是与病毒抗药性的竞赛

32.The herb Sister Florence Nawanga is cultivating

A.is native in Cuba.

B.is a small fern-like plant.

C.is planted in a small pond.

D.will definitely defeat malaria in Africa

正确答案:B

解析:问题问的是：关于佛罗伦斯修女种的草药的说法哪个正确？第二段结尾提到了这种草药是一种类似蕨类的小植物。A产自古巴；C种植在池塘里；D一定会击败疟疾都不准确

33.What is the relationship between artemisinin and quinine

A.Quinine is a very effective medicine to kill artemisinin.

B.Artemisinin can eradicate quinine effectively.

C.They must be used together to kill malaria.

D.Artemisinin is the substitute for quinine because the latter began to fail

正确答案:D

解析:问题问的是：青蒿素和奎宁是什么关系？第三段提到奎宁开始失去疗效时，青蒿素开始应用。因此D青蒿素是奎宁的替代品正确

34.In the Kampala slum of Katanga, a grandmother

A.has only one mosquito net.

B.had 12 children before last week.

C.is using the older but effective anti-malaria drugs on the baby.

D.lost a baby last week because she didn’t give her medicine in time

正确答案:B

解析:问题问的是：在坎帕拉的贫民窟，一个老奶奶怎么了？第五段提到老奶奶现在有11个孩子，该段结尾说上周刚刚死了最小的孩子，由此推断她本来有12个孩子

35.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage

A.People who have mosquito nets are in lower risk of catching malaria than those who don’t.

B.One major cause of drug resistance is that poor people tend to suspend their therapies before the viruses are completely gone.

C.The bug that recovers can easily be killed with the same medicine.

D.The three major diseases sometimes cooperate to make themselves more deadly

正确答案:C

解析:问题问的是：以下哪个观点是错误的？文章的最后一段提到了没有被杀死的病毒就不在是原来的病毒，并会产生抗药性。因此再用同一种药物很难杀死。与该题说法矛盾

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