学位英语

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Sleep

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity1 is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness2. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one.3 The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness，sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately，it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week； a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 am one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another4，so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend5 and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers6 whose nocturnal wakefulness7 may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts，but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

词汇：

alternate 交替，轮换 wakefulness 醒着，不睡

coincide 同时发生;一致, 相符

modify 改变，修改，修饰；缓 和，减轻

automation .自动化 insistently 坚持地，执拗地；迫切地，急切地 reverse 使颠倒,使倒转 routine 常规，例行公事

revert 恢复，回复

corps 共同工作或活动的一群人；特种部队，特殊军种

permanent 永久的，持久的 nocturnal 夜间发生的，夜间 活动的

incidence .发生（率） digestive 消化的，助 消化的

disruption 混乱，分裂，崩演 abnormal 反常的，变态的

occurrence 发生，出现；（偶发性）事件

symptom 表征，征病征， 症状

注释：

1.the normal human daily cycle of activity ：人们每天正常活动的周期

2.the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness:睡目民通常与黑夜时间重叠

3.The question is no mere academic one.这不仅仅是一个简单的学术问题。，

4.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another：这就 意味着丨他刚刚习惯了一种方式又不得不改为另一种。此句中的no sooner... than...是倒 装结构。no sooner +主语助动词倒装结构（has he...)的意思是“一……就……”。如:1 had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我刚到家天就下雨了。可以看出，只有当 no sooner放在句首位置时，“主语-助动词”这一序列才发生变化。

5.people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend:在周末，按照这些体制工作的人会恢复他们通常的睡眠和清醒的习惯。

6.a corps of permanent night workers:—队长期上晚班的工人

7.nocturnal wakefulness ：夜间不眠

练习：

1. The question raised in Paragraph 1 is "no mere academic one"

A because Bonjer's findings are different from Brown's.

B because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

C because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.

D because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

2.According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that

A people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.

B your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.

C not all industries work at the same hours.

D it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.

3.According to the passage, the best solution to the problem seems to be

A not to change shifts from one week to the next.

B to make periods on each shift longer.

C to employ people who will always work at night.

D to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.

4.In the second paragraph, “ the third" means

A the third week.

B the third shift.

C a third of the time.

D the third routine.

5.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, ”another" means

A another routine.

B another shift.

C another week.

D another person.

答案与题解：

1.D根据上下文，睡眠周期不仅仅是一个学术性的问题。由于工作的需要要求人们改变睡眠 习惯o所以D是答案o

2.B i章的第二段^介绍°了工作三班倒的情况。工人们常常每周变换工作时间，这样就影响了 他们的正常睡眠周期，所以这是主要的问题所在。

3.C文章最后一段第一句说:The only real solution...(唯一真正解决问题的方法……），之 后提到由一队长期上夜班的工人来担负夜班工作，这样别的工人就可以上正常班，而夜班工 人不用因常变换工作时间来调节自己的睡眠周期。

4.A第二段中的the third根据上下文是the third week。跟形容词最高级一样（如：the most beautiful [ woman])，序数词后面的名词常可省略。又如:the fourth (day) of May。

5.A another (另一个）之后省略了 routine 一词。

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