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第二篇

Human Ingenuity

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.

As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision that highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ' common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. ”

Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.

36　Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _______.

A　the use of machines to produce science fiction

B　the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry

C　the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work

D　the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work

37　The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means _______.

A　programs

B　experts

C　devices

D　creatures

38 According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can _______.

A　fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery

B　interact with human beings verbally

C　have a little common sense

D　respond independently to a changing world

39　Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _________.

A　make a few decisions for themselves

B　deal with some errors with human intervention

C　improve factory environments

D　cultivate human creativity

40　The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _________.

A　expected to copy human brain in internal structure

B　able to perceive abnormalities immediately

C　far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information

D　best used in a controlled environment

参考答案：

36　C细节题。答案在第一段第一句：自从开始发明创造以来，人们一直在设计越来越多的工具来应付危险的、枯燥乏味的、繁重的或是令人讨厌的工作。由此可知，C为正确答案。

37　C语意题。文章第一段说：人类发明了各种工具，利用各种机器为人类服务;第二段第一句说，“结果，当今世界出现了越来越多的智能化gizmos”。由此可以推断，gizmos最有可能是机械工具一类的东西，因此，选项C应为正确答案。

38　D细节题。答案在第三段最后一句：Dave Lavery说，我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人。D项：独立地应付一个不断变化的世界，符合此意。

39　B细节题。还是引用第三段第二句Dave Lavery的话：我们知道怎样让机器人去应付一个具体的错误。接下来第五段第二句说：科学家已制造出的机器人能以不到一毫米的精确度识别机器面板上的误差。可见B为正确答案。

40　C作者观点态度题。作者在最后一段第二句开始向我们传达了这样一个信息：机器人、人工智能，虽然能为人类做很多工作，但与人的大脑智能、感知能力相比，还相差甚远。人类能在瞬间识别出猴子或可疑的面孔。所以，C：机器人就识别相关信息而言，比人脑差得多。

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