学位英语

2012年职称英语理工A真题完形填空为教材新增文章，以下为教材原文：

Solar Power without Solar Cells

A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

The researchers found a way to make an "optical 1 ," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.

"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.from www.wangxiao.cn

Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.

This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.

"To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said.（from www.wangxiao.cn） "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."

词汇：

optical / '?ptik?l / adj.光学的 incoherent /, ink?u’hi?r?nt/ adj.非相干的

capacitive / k?'pæsitiv/ adj. 电容(量)的 semiconductor /,semik?n’d?kt?/ n.半导体

rectification /, rektifi'kei??n/ n.改正，修正 ceramics / si' ræmiks/ n.陶瓷

注释：

1.University of Michigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817 年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。

2. heat load：热负荷

3. magnetic moment：磁矩

4. optical rectification：光学校正

5. doctoral student：博士生

6. positive and negative charges：正电荷与负电荷

7. shone through：shone是shine的过去式。shine through是“(光)通过”。

8. an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度

9. incoherent light：非相干光

10.It's already made in bulk：它(指玻璃)已大量生产。in bulk 是“大量，成批”。

练习：

1.A microscope B instrument C fiber D battery

2. A modifications B effects C applications D results

3. A frequently B privately C previously D formally

4.A Under B At C On D Over

5.A light B electricity C chemical D magnetism

6.A plant B equipment C source D line

7.A down B up C together D apart

8. A this B that C those D it

9. A material B lens C meter D detector

10.A produce B convey C use D conduct

11.A remote B poor C effective D rare

12.A prototype B skill C technique D miracle

13.A converting B obtaining C delivering D transmitting

14.A compact B modern C durable D handy

15. A others B some C all D both

答案与题解：

1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。optical battery是“光电池”。

optical microscope (光学显微镜)、optical instrument (光学仪器)或optical fiber (光纤)与第一段的意思没有联系。

2.B 选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light"。本篇文章中心议题是用magnetic effect of light开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magnetic effect of light太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。

3. C 本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently(频繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。

4. A under these circumstances 是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说in these circumstances ，而at、on或over 都不与circumstances 连用。

5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。

6. C 密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉(source)。power plant (发电厂)、power equipment (电力设备)或power line (输电线)与上文的意思接不上。

7.D or 在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语charge separation (电荷分离)。选apart与pushing构成pushing apart。pushing apart 的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。

8. B 从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that ，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage 是单数，所以that 是答案。

9.A从本句句末的such as glass 判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass 的概括词。因此，只有选项material 符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料( material )而产生的。

10.D 答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是："What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected.”选项conduct 是答案。

11.C 激光通过特定材料时能产生charge separation 。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生charge separation。如果charge separation 是remote、 poor 或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。

12.C 说这种样机( this prototype )、技巧( this skill )或这一奇迹( this miracle )能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术( this technology )概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。

13.A 科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining(得到)、delivering (输送)和transmitting(发射)与“能量转换”挂不上号。

14. B 通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact(紧凑小型的)、durable(耐用的)或handy(使用便利的)，所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。

15.D 答案是both，指代的是上一句的“to focus the light and a fiber to guide it”这两点。

译文：

没有太阳能电池的太阳能

密歇根大学的研究着们发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。

Stephen Rand是电力工程和计算机科学系以及物理和应用物理系的教授，他讲道：“研究者们找到了制造光电池的方法”

光具有电磁成分。而以前的科学家认为电磁光太微弱，不值得去关注。Rand和他的同事的发现是，在适当的强度下，当光通过一个不导电的物质，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要大一亿倍。在这种情况下，光磁效应所释放的能量堪比强电效应。

“这有可能开发出不用半导体或不用吸入电荷分离的新型太阳能电池，太阳能电池是利用光射入一种材料，吸收和产生热量。而目前我们期望有一种非常低的热负荷来取代用磁矩吸收光源，储存能量。强光可以诱导强磁力，强磁力最终能够发电”。Rand教授说。“使之成为可能的是，之前有一种探测不到的叫光学矫正的电光”。应用物理学的博士生William Fisher如是说。在传统的光学矫正中，光电场致使电荷分离或把材料中的正负电荷分开，这就具有像电池一样的电压了。

Rand和Fisher发现，如果周围的环境合适并且材料适合，光磁场也可能产生光学矫正。光必须穿过像玻璃一样的不导电物质。并且聚集的电量为每平方厘米一千万瓦。太阳光自己没有那么强，但是正在寻找的新型材料能够在低电流状态下完成工作。

Fisher说：“在我们最近的论文中，我们表明，像太阳这样的非相干光，理论上能够像激光一样产生电荷分离。”

研究者们断言，这项新技术能使太阳能降低成本，他们预测，一旦使用改进的材料，太阳能可转换成可用能量，其转换率可达10%。这等同于当下商用的太阳能电池。

目前要生产太阳能电池，必须要进行大量的半导体的加工，而我们将来所需要的只是聚光的透镜和导入光线的纤维。玻璃能起到以上双重的作用。它已被大量生产，而且不大需要太多的加工。如使用透明陶瓷会更好。

(中国职称英语考试网)

2012年职称英语理工A真题阅读理解为教材新增文章

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