1995年01月英语四级试题（阅读）

Part II Reading Comprehension ( 35 minutes)
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (预言的) because a few have come true; they fail to notice the many that have not. Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I’m in the shower." If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn’t ring, that nonevent probably won’t even register （留下印象）.
People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the common belief that things like
personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in threes." Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their "happening together" is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.
We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling explains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy, " This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (谨慎的) in drawing conclusions. The "evidence " of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
21. In the first paragraph the author states that ____ .
(A) dreams cannot be said to be prophetic even though a few have come true.
(B) dreams are prophetic because some of them did come true.
(C) dreams may come true if clearly remembered.
(D) dreams and reality are closely related.

22. By "things like ..." "happen in threes" (Para. 3, Line 2), the author indicates that people believe ____ .
(A) personal misfortunes tend to happen every now and then.
(B) personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths usually happen together.
(C) misfortunes tend to occur according to certain patterns.
(D) misfortunes will never occur more than three times to a person in his lifetime.

23. Ten word "courtesy" (Para. 4, line 6) probably means ____.
(A) good manners. (B) Appropriate speech.
(C) Friendly relations. (D)Satisfactory service.

24. What can be inferred from the passage? ____
(A) Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention.
(B) In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.
(C) People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.
(D) Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting events.

25. It can be concluded from the passage that ____ .
(A) there is some truth even in the wildest dreams.
(B) one should take notice of other people’s merits.
(C) there is no order or pattern in world events.
(D) we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence.

Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁观). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (长笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞团) is performing. "Anybody can take part". This is true , but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.
26. The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that _____.
(A) most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music
(B) we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians
(C) most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators.
(D) we are the audience and they are the additional performers.

27. The word "such" (Line 6) refers to the fact that ______.
(A) music is performed with the participation of the audience
(B) music is performed without the participation of the audience
(C) people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers
(D) people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs

28. The author of the passage implies that _____.
(A) all Africans are musical and therefore much music is performed in Africa
(B) not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives
(C) most Africans are c

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