ACCA/CAT

RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER F8 AND

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES 17 AND 18

Audit risk

Candidates studying Paper F8, Audit and Assurance, are required under the

syllabus to: ‘Explain the components of audit risk and explain the risks of

material misstatement in the financial statements’.

This element of the syllabus has been examined in the last three sessions of

Paper F8 – in June 2010, December 2010 and June 2011. However, the

performance of candidates has on the whole been unsatisfactory. This article

aims to identify the most common mistakes made by candidates as well as

clarifying how audit risk questions should be tackled in order to maximise

marks.

An example question requirement relating to audit risks is as follows:

Describe the audit risks and explain the auditor’s response to each risk in planning

the audit of XYZ Co.

Previously examined risk questions have carried a mark allocation of 10 marks.

However, a significant majority of candidates have not passed this part of the

question. Common mistakes made include:

? providing definitions of the audit risk model, even though this was not

part of the question requirement

? a lack of understanding of what audit risk is and providing business risks

instead

? not providing an adequate response to the risk. This needs to be from

the perspective of the auditor and not from management’s perspective

? a limited range of risks identified, often just focusing on one area such

as going concern.

Audit risk definitions

Audit risk is defined as ‘the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate

audit opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated. Audit

risk is a function of the risks of material misstatement and detection risk’.

Hence, audit risk is made up of two components – risks of material

misstatement and detection risk.

Risk of material misstatement is defined as ‘the risk that the financial

statements are materially misstated prior to audit. This consists of two

components… inherent risk … control risk.’

Inherent risk is ‘the susceptibility of an assertion about a class of transaction,

account balance or disclosure to a misstatement that could be material, either

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NOVEMBER 2011

individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, before

consideration of any related controls.’

Control risk is ‘the risk that a misstatement that could occur in an assertion

about a class of transaction, account balance or disclosure and that could be

material, either individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, will

not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s

internal control.’

Detection risk is defined as ‘the risk that the procedures performed by the

auditor to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level will not detect a

misstatement that exists and that could be material, either individually or when

aggregated with other misstatements.’

Audit risk questions require candidates to identify risks of material

misstatements, which include inherent and control risks as well as detection

risks.

Audit risk model

In all three sessions a number of candidates have wasted valuable time by

describing the audit risk model along with definitions of audit risk, inherent

risk, control and detection risk. Unless the question requirement specifically

asks for the ‘components of audit risk’ or ‘a description of the audit risk

model’, candidates should not provide definitions of audit risk, inherent risk,

control risk or detection risk as no marks are available.

Audit risk versus business risk

The main area where candidates continue to lose marks is that they do not

actually understand what audit risk relates to. Hence, they frequently provide

answers that consider the risks the business would face or ‘business risks’,

which are outside the scope of the syllabus. There are no marks available for

business risks.

Business risks are defined as ‘a risk resulting from significant conditions,

events, circumstances, actions or inactions that could adversely affect an

entity’s ability to achieve its objectives and execute its strategies, or from the

setting of inappropriate objectives and strategies’.

Risks must be related to the risk arising in the audit of the financial statements

and should include the financial statement assertion impacted. Therefore,

audit risks should be related back to relevant assertions.

AUDIT RISK

NOVEMBER 2011

ISA 315, Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Through

Understanding the Entity and Its Environment identifies the following assertions:

? Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under

audit – occurrence completeness, accuracy, cut off and classification.

? Assertions about account balances at the period end – existence, rights

and obligations completeness, and valuation and allocation.

? Assertions about presentation and disclosure – occurrence and rights

and obligations, completeness, classification and understandability, and

accuracy and valuation.

In addition, a risk can relate to a practical problem the audit team may face,

such as attendance at inventory counts where the company has multiple sites

holding simultaneous inventory counts, or if the company has had significant

changes in their finance department and so the risk of fraud and error has

increased.

The common mistake is for candidates to identify a relevant issue from the

scenario and then consider the risk to the company rather than to the auditor,

linking into the related assertion.

Therefore, using Question 3b from the June 2011 exam: ‘The travel agents are

given a 90-day credit period to pay Donald Co; however, due to difficult trading

conditions, a number of the receivables are struggling to pay.’ The audit risk

related to this point is that if receivables are struggling to pay, then they may

be overstated and, hence, valuation of receivables is the relevant risk.

The business faces the risk of slow cash flows and so there is a business risk

related to the liquidity of Donald Co. While going concern is an audit risk, the

above point from the scenario is not sufficient on its own to indicate going

concern risk.

In addition, Question 1a from the June 2010 exam told candidates: ‘Purchase

orders for overseas paint are made six months in advance and goods can be in

transit for up to two months.’ The explanation of the audit risk would be to

ascertain that the cut-off of inventory is appropriate at the year end. However,

many candidates explained that the company may encounter problems with

stock-outs of goods, which is focused more on operational business risk rather

than on the risks to the financial statements.

Other examples of audit risks include:

? treatment of capital and revenue expenditure – the risk here could relate

to existence of property plant and equipment if revenue expenditure has

been capitalised rather than charged as an expense in the income

statement

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AUDIT RISK

NOVEMBER 2011

? valuation of inventory – when, for example, there are considerable levels

of aged inventory

? completeness of liabilities – this could arise if provisions have been

incorrectly treated as contingent liabilities

? completeness of revenue – this could be relevant where the entity being

audited has significant cash sales.

Responses to audit risks

Having identified the audit risk candidates are often required to identify the

relevant response to these risks. A common mistake made by candidates is to

provide a response that management would adopt rather than the auditor.

From Question 3b June 2011, in relation to the risk of valuation of receivables,

as Donald Co had a number of receivables who were struggling to pay, many

candidates suggested that management needed to chase these outstanding

customers. This is not a response that the auditor would adopt, as they would

be focused on testing valuation through after date cash receipts or reviewing

the aged receivables ledger.

Auditor’s responses should focus on how the team will obtain evidence to

reduce the risks identified to an acceptable level. Their objective is confirming

whether the financial statement assertions have been adhered to, and whether

the financial statements are true and fair.

Responses are not as detailed as audit procedures; instead they relate to the

approach the auditor will adopt to confirm whether the transactions or

balances are materially misstated. Therefore, in relation to the risk of going

concern, the response is to focus on performing additional going concern

procedures, such as reviews of cash flow forecasts.

Also, auditor responses should not be too vague such as ‘increase substantive

testing’ without making it clear how, or in what area, this would be addressed.

In addition, candidates’ must ensure that they do not provide impractical

responses. A common example of this is to request directly from the

company’s bank as to whether the bank will provide a loan or renew a bank

overdraft. The bank is not going to provide this type of information to the

auditor, especially if they have not yet informed the company, and therefore

this response will not generate any marks.

Limited range of risks identified

In order to score well in risk questions it is advisable to aim to identify a

breadth of points from the question scenario. If the question asks for a specific

number of audit risks, such as five, then it is not sufficient to identify just one

or two risks. In addition, a common mistake is to identify a risk such as going

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concern and then give this answer over and over again. In Question 3b of the

June 2011 exam, there was only a maximum of one mark available for the

description of going concern risk.

Each scenario will have a variety of audit risks and candidates should, as part

of their planning, aim to identify as many as possible. They should then decide

which of the identified risks they will explain/describe in their answer. If the

question asks for five risks, candidates should aim to identify six or seven

points during their initial reading of the question. Candidates should then

review their list and pick the five risks and responses that they feel they can

expand on the most when writing up their answer.

Conclusion

Audit risk is, and will continue to be, an important element of the Paper F8

syllabus. Candidates must understand the syllabus outcomes, understand what

the question requirements involve and practise risk questions prior to the

exam.

Pami Bahl is the examiner for Paper F8

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