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二、和平解放60年的发展历程

和平解放是西藏历史发展的一个重要转折点。在此后的60年里，西藏历经民主改革、自治区成立、社会主义建设和改革开放各个历史阶段，走过了波澜壮阔的发展历程。

(一)落实《十七条协议》，维护国家统一和民族团结，开启西藏现代化发展的崭新征程

——进军西藏，巩固边防。按照《十七条协议》及附件一的规定，从1951年9月到1952年6月，以十八军为主的各路进藏部队先后到达拉萨，进驻(抵)太昭、江孜、日喀则、山南隆子宗、亚东、察隅、改则等国防重镇，完成了进军西藏的任务，结束了西藏4000多公里边境线上长期有边无防的历史。

——统一处理西藏一切涉外事务。1952年9月6日，中央人民政府驻西藏代表外事帮办办公室成立，在中央人民政府外交部的领导下，具体办理西藏地方的一切涉外事宜。1954年4月29日，中印双方在北京签订了《关于中国西藏地方和印度之间的通商和交通协定》，同时互换照会，取消印度继承的英国侵略西藏遗留下来的特权。1955年中国和尼泊尔正式建立外交关系，并于1956年签订《中华人民共和国和尼泊尔王国保持友好关系以及关于中国西藏地方和尼泊尔之间的通商和交通协定》，取消了尼泊尔在西藏的特权，中尼友好关系在新的基础上得到巩固和发展。至此，完全实现了由中央人民政府统一处理西藏地区的一切涉外事宜。

——实行生产自给，解决军需民用。中央政府作出了“进军西藏，不吃地方”及“精打细算，生产自给”等指示，提出“保障军需，兼顾民用”，“统一采购，紧缩开支”等一系列财经政策。人民解放军进驻拉萨后，首先从羊毛出口贸易着手，解决军需民用问题。中央政府拨款400亿元(旧币)，以高于出口印度市场的价格，收购西藏积压的羊毛，打击了上层反动集团囤积居奇，挑拨、破坏藏汉关系的图谋，上层人士为此获得丰厚的利润，也体会到中央政府是切实维护藏族人民利益的，在经济上逐渐减少了对帝国主义势力的依赖和联系，积极向中央政府靠拢。

——开展统战工作，促进民族团结和进步。在中央人民政府的推动下，1952年4月，十世班禅额尔德尼及班禅行辕人员自青海返回拉萨，实现了班禅与达赖的友好会晤。西藏工委不间断地进行工作，解决了达赖与班禅相互之间的历史遗留问题和现实问题。1953年，十四世达赖和十世班禅被选为全国佛教协会名誉会长，功德林活佛被选为副会长。1956年9月，成立了中国佛教协会西藏分会。1954年9月，十四世达赖、十世班禅联袂赴京参加中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议，体现了西藏各族人民平等参与管理国家大事的权利。与此同时，组织参观团或观礼团到内地参观、访问，自1952年至1957年间组织了13批1000多人次到内地参观、访问，其成员不断扩大，包括从拉萨直至西藏各地区的上层僧俗官员、寺庙喇嘛、青年和妇女，增进了西藏与内地的联系和各民族的团结。

——积极开展现代化建设，推动西藏经济社会文化的发展。和平解放后，人民解放军和进藏工作人员坚决执行《十七条协议》和中央的政策，修建康藏、青藏公路和当雄机场，兴修水利，建设现代工厂、银行、贸易公司、邮局、农场和学校等，采取多种措施帮助农牧民发展生产，开展社会救济，救灾活动，免费为群众防疫治病，推动了西藏经济、社会、文化事业的发展，展示了一种现代文明和进步的新气象，在西藏各阶层和广大群众中产生了深远影响，从而打破了西藏社会长期封闭、停滞的局面，开启了走向现代社会的历史进程，为西藏社会进一步向前发展开辟了广阔前景，为西藏与全国共同前进创造了必要条件。

II. Sixty Years’ Development Since Peaceful Liberation

Peaceful liberation was an important turning point in the historical development of Tibet. Over the 60 years since then Tibet has gone through several phases of development, such as the Democratic Reform, establishment of the autonomous re-gion, building of socialism, and reform and opening up, scoring spectacular achievements.

1. Implementing the 17-Article Agreement, maintaining national unity and ethnic solidarity, and launching Tibet’s drive towards modernization

— Sending troops to Tibet and consolidating border defense. As stipulated in the 17-Article Agreement and its Ap-pendix I, the PLA troops with the 18th army as the major force marched into Tibet from September 1951 to June 1952, and were stationed in strongholds such as Gyamda, Gyangtse, Shi-gatse, Lhuntse Dzong, Dromo, Zayul and Gerze, bringing to an end the history of Tibet’s 4,000-km border being undefended.

— Handling Tibet’s foreign-related affairs on a centra-lized basis. On September 6, 1952 the foreign affairs office of the central government representative stationed in Tibet was set up, responsible for all the foreign-related affairs of Tibet under the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Central People’s Government. On April 29, 1954 the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of India signed in Beijing the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India, abolishing the privileges India had inherited from the British invaders. In 1955 China established official diplomatic ties with Nepal, and signed the Agreement on Main-taining Friendly Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal and on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and Nepal in 1956, which cancelled Nepal’s privileges in Tibet, advancing and consoli-dating the Sino-Nepalese relationship to a new level. To this day, all the foreign-related affairs of Tibet are dealt with by the Cen-tral People’s Government on a centralized basis.

— Attaining self-sufficiency and satisfying both military and civilian needs. The central government issued such instructions as “sending troops to Tibet but not depending on local people for grain supply” and “tightening the budget and attaining self-sufficiency,” and put forward a series of financial policies such as “guaranteeing food supplies for the army and taking into consideration civilian needs” and “unified procure-ment and economical practice.” Soon after the PLA entered Tibet, the central government earmarked 40 billion yuan (old currency) to purchase local wool at prices higher than that exported to India. This move foiled the scheme of illegal hoarding and profiteering plotted by reactionaries of the Tibetan upper class with an aim to sow discord between Tibetans and Han people, and the revenue from export of such wool was used to support the PLA and the local people. It also greatly benefited many of the upper class, enabling them to acknowledge the central government’s goal of safeguarding the interests of the Tibetan people. They thus gradually reduced their dependence on and connection with the imperialist forces and drew closer to the central government.

— Carrying out united front work, and promoting na-tional unity and progress. Encouraged by the central govern-ment, the 10th Panchen Lama and his entourage returned to Lhasa from Qinghai Province to have a friendly meeting with the 14th Dalai Lama in April 1952. The CPC Working Committee of Tibet then made great efforts to help settle both the current practical problems and those left over from history between the Dalai and Panchen lamas, who in 1953 were elected as honorary presidents of the Buddhist Association of China, with Living Buddha Kundeling as vice president. In September 1956 the Tibetan branch of the Buddhist Association of China was set up. In September 1954 the 14th Dalai and 10th Panchen lamas went together to Beijing to attend the First Session of the First National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, which demonstrated that the Tibetan people enjoyed equal rights with other ethnic groups in participating in the administration of China’s state affairs. Concurrently, a total of 1,000 people in 13

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