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(二)实行民主改革，废除封建农奴制度，解放百万农奴和社会生产力，完成西藏历史上最深刻的社会变革

民主改革之前的旧西藏是一个比欧洲中世纪还要落后、黑暗的政教合一的封建农奴制社会。占人口5%的官家、贵族、寺庙上层僧侣三大领主及其代理人占有西藏的全部耕地、牧场、森林、山川、河流和大部分牲畜，而占人口95%的农奴和奴隶没有生产资料和人身自由。广大农奴和奴隶不仅遭受着沉重的赋税、乌拉差役和高利贷的剥削，而且遭受着世所罕见的残酷的政治压迫和刑罚，挣扎在死亡线上。改革西藏社会制度是西藏社会发展的必然要求和西藏人民的根本愿望。考虑到西藏的特殊情况，《十七条协议》规定：“对于西藏的现行政治制度，中央不予变更”;“有关西藏的各项改革事宜，中央不加强迫。西藏地方政府应自动进行改革，人民提出改革要求时，得采取与西藏领导人员协商的方法解决之”。和平解放后，中央人民政府对西藏社会制度改革采取了十分慎重的态度和极为宽容的政策，耐心等待和劝说西藏地方上层统治集团主动进行改革，并给予充分的时间。但是，西藏反动上层为了维护农奴主阶级的既得利益和特权，根本反对改革，企图永远保持封建农奴制，为此，他们蓄意违反《十七条协议》，策划了一系列分裂祖国的活动，直至1959年发动全面武装叛乱。

为了维护国家的统一和西藏人民的根本利益，中央人民政府采取果断措施，与西藏人民一道坚决平息了叛乱，解散了西藏地方政府，并在西藏进行了一场彻底摧毁封建农奴制度的民主改革运动。民主改革废除了“政教合一”制度，实现了政教分离;废除了生产资料的封建领主所有制，确立了农牧民个体所有制;废除了对“三大领主”的人身依附，使农奴和奴隶获得人身自由。民主改革是西藏社会进步和人权发展史上划时代的重大变革，使西藏百万农奴和奴隶在政治、经济和社会生活多方面实现了翻身解放，有效地促进了西藏社会生产力的发展，为西藏的现代化发展开辟了道路。据统计，在民主改革中，农奴和奴隶共分得土地280多万克(15克相当于1公顷)，到1960年西藏民主改革完成时，西藏的粮食生产量比1959年增长12.6%，比民主改革前的1958年增长17.7%，牲畜存栏头数1960年比1959年增长9.9%。

2. Implementing the Democratic Reform, abolishing feudal serfdom, and emancipating millions of serfs and the social productive forces, achieving the most profound social reform in the history of Tibet

Prior to the Democratic Reform, Tibet practiced a system of feudal serfdom under theocracy, which was darker and more backward than in Europe in the Middle Ages. The three major estate-holders — officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks in monasteries — accounted for less than five percent of Tibet’s total population but owned all the farmland, pastures, forests, mountains and rivers, and the majority of the livestock. The serfs and slaves, accounting for more than 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. They were not only subjected to the three-fold exploitation of corvee labor, taxes and high-interest loans, but also suffered cruel political oppression and punishment rarely seen in world history. Their lives were no more than struggles for existence. Thus, reforming the social system of Tibet was an inevitable requirement of social development and the fundamental aspira-tion of the Tibetan people. In consideration of the special conditions of Tibet, the 17-Article Agreement stipulated that “the central government will not alter the existing political system in Tibet”; “in matters related to various reforms in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central government. The local government of Tibet shall carry out reforms of its own accord, and when the people raise demands for reform, they shall be settled by means of consultation with the leading personnel of Tibet.” After Tibet was liberated peacefully, the Central People’s Government adopted a very prudent and tolerant attitude toward the reform of its social system, hoping to persuade the people of the local ruling class of the need for reform and waiting patiently for them to take initiative to start the social reform. But the serf owners were totally opposed to any reform which would mean giving up their privileges, opposed the 17-Article Agreement and plotted a series of activities to split Tibet from China, which ended in a full-scale insurrection in 1959.

In order to safeguard the unity of the nation and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people, the Central People’s Government, together with the Tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local govern-ment and carried out the Democratic Reform in Tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. Through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled, religion was sepa-rated from government; the feudal serf owners’ right to own means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established; the serfs’ and slaves’ personal bondage to the officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was cancelled, and they won their freedom of the person. The Democratic Reform constituted an epoch-making change in the social progress of Tibet and its development of human rights. It emancipated a million of serfs and slaves politically, economically and in other aspects of social life, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in Tibet and opened up the road towards modernization. The former serfs and slaves got over 186,000 hectares of land in the Democratic Reform and, in 1960, when the Democratic Reform was basically completed, the total grain yield of Tibet was 12.6 percent higher than in 1959 and 17.7 percent higher than in 1958. In addition, the total number of livestock was 9.9 percent higher than in 1959.

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