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(三)实行民族区域自治制度，推动西藏走上社会主义的发展道路

西藏民主改革的过程同时也是民主建政的过程。1959年3月西藏发生叛乱后，国务院发布命令，解散西藏噶厦地方政府，决定由西藏自治区筹备委员会行使西藏地方政府职权。此后，相继撤销了昌都地区人民解放委员会和班禅堪布会议厅委员会，结束了几种不同性质政权并存的局面，建立了统一的人民民主政权。1961年，西藏各地开始实行普选，昔日的农奴和奴隶第一次获得了当家作主的民主权利，选举产生了西藏各级权力机关和政权，一大批翻身农奴和奴隶担任了各级领导职务。1965年9月，西藏自治区第一届人民代表大会第一次会议在拉萨开幕，西藏自治区及其人民政府宣告成立。此后，西藏通过对农牧业的社会主义改造，走上了社会主义的发展道路。西藏自治区的成立和社会主义制度的实行，从制度上保障了各民族平等、团结、互助和共同繁荣政策在西藏的实现，保障了西藏各族人民平等参与管理国家事务和自主管理本地区本民族事务的权利，为西藏在国家的特殊支持和资助下，根据本地区特点实现与全国共同发展进步提供了制度保证。

(四)实行改革开放，推动西藏经济从封闭走向开放、从供给型经济走向经营型经济

20世纪80年代，西藏与全国一样掀起了改革开放和现代化建设热潮。1980年和1984年，中央先后召开第一次和第二次西藏工作座谈会，确定了西藏以经济建设为中心，从封闭式经济转变为开放式经济，从供给型经济转变为经营性经济的指导方针。中央政府制订了“土地归户使用，自主经营，长期不变”，“牲畜私有私养，自主经营，长期不变”等一系列有利于西藏经济发展的特殊优惠政策，推进了西藏的经济体制改革和对外开放，并从1984年起，由国家投资、全国九省(市)援建西藏43项工程等一批项目。改革开放政策的实施和国家的支援，壮大和繁荣了西藏经济，提高了西藏产业的整体水平和经济活动的商品化水平，使西藏经济社会发展跨上了一个新的台阶。

3. Implementing regional ethnic autonomy, making Ti-bet embark on the road of socialism

The Democratic Reform in Tibet coincided with its con-struction of democratic politics. After the rebellion broke out in March 1959 the State Council issued an order to dissolve the Kashag and decided to make the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the local government’s du-ties and power. Later, the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were abolished, and a centralized people’s democratic government was set up, thus ending the co-existence of several political powers of different nature. In 1961 a general election was held across Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy demo-cratic rights as their own masters, as they elected power organs and governments at all levels. Many emancipated serfs and slaves took up leading posts at various levels in the region. In September 1965 the First Session of the First People’s Congress of Tibet was convened in Lhasa, at which the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Regional People’s Govern-ment were officially proclaimed. Then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tibet em-barked on the road of socialism. The founding of the Tibet Au-tonomous Region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity. It also provided a guarantee for all ethnic groups in Tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of state affairs and that of ethnic affairs. In this way, an institutional guarantee was put in place for Tibet to develop along with other parts of China, with special support and assistance by the state and according to its local conditions.

4. Implementing reform and opening up, promoting Ti-betan economy to change from a closed one into an open one and from a planned one to a market one

The 1980s witnessed a great upsurge of the reform, open-ing-up and modernization drive in Tibet, as in all the other parts of China. In 1980 and 1984, respectively, the Central Authorities held the First and Second Tibet Work Forums, setting the guiding principles for work in the region — focusing on economic de-velopment, changing from a closed economy to an open one and from a planned economy to a market one. The central gov-ernment also formulated a series of special policies for economic development in Tibet, such as “long-term right to use and independently operate land by individual households” and “long-term right to have, raise and manage livestock by indi-vidual households,” to promote the reform of the region’s economic system and its opening-up program. Since 1984, 43 projects have been launched in Tibet with state funds and aid from nine provinces and municipalities. The implementation of the policy of reform and opening up and the state aid have in-vigorated the Tibetan economy, raised the overall level of in-dustries and the level of commercialization of economic activities in Tibet, and helped Tibet take another step forward in its economic and social development.

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