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(五)生态建设取得长足发展，环境保护全面加强

西藏是中国重要的生态屏障和安全屏障。和平解放前，西藏根本谈不上宏观生态建设和综合环境保护。和平解放以来特别是改革开放以来，中央政府和西藏自治区政府高度重视生态建设和环境保护，投入了大量资金和人力、物力，特别是2002年中央决定建设160个重点生态保护建设项目。“十五”期间，国家投入西藏生态环境保护与建设的资金达32.43亿元，“十一五”期间达到101.62亿元，是“十五”期间的3倍多。西藏自治区人大和人民政府颁布实施的生态建设和环境保护类法规、规范性文件、部门规章30余件，形成了比较系统的地方性环境保护法规体系，如《土地管理法》、《水法》、《草原法》等。同时，积极推进天然林保护、退耕还林、退牧还草等工程，大力开展水土流失治理、防沙治沙和小流域综合治理及地质灾害防治工作。西藏在全国率先启动草原生态保护奖励机制试点工作，全面启动农村薪柴替代工程，15万户农牧民用上清洁的沼气能源。目前，西藏已建立21个生态功能保护区、7个国家森林公园、3个地质公园、1个国家级风景名胜区以及47个各级各类自然保护区，保护区面积占西藏土地面积的34.5%，居全国之首。森林覆盖率由和平解放时的不足1%提升到11.91%，保护湿地600余万公顷。据最新环境公报显示，西藏的水环境、大气环境基本没有受到污染，西藏基本保持了较为自然的原生状态，是世界自然环境最好的地区之一。西藏已经初步走上了一条经济发展与生态保护齐头并进的可持续发展道路。2009年3月2日，中央政府批准《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划(2008-2030年)》，计划投入资金155亿元，到2030年基本建成西藏生态安全屏障。

5. Ecological conservation has been progressing rapidly, and environmental protection is being strengthened in an all-round way.

Tibet serves as an important ecology safety barrier in China. In old Tibet macro-ecological conservation or comprehensive environmental protection was out of the question. But since the peaceful liberation, and especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies, the central and regional gov-ernments have attached great importance to ecological conser-vation and environmental protection, and earmarked large amounts of funds, manpower and materials in these endeavors. In 2002 the central government decided to launch 160 key projects in this regard. During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the state granted 3.243 billion yuan for ecological and environmental protection in Tibet, and during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) the figure tripled to 10.162 billion yuan. The People’s Congress and People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have published more than 30 local regulations, regulatory documents and administrative rules cov-ering ecological conservation and environmental protection. A relatively comprehensive system of environmental protection has taken shape. Meanwhile, Tibet actively carries out projects to protect its natural forests, and convert farmland into forest and pastures into grassland. It also makes efforts to control deser-tification and soil erosion, manage small watersheds and prevent geological disasters. Tibet led the whole country to initiate the ecological compensation mechanism for the protection of grassland. It has launched a project to replace firewood with clean energy, and 150,000 households have begun to use meth-ane gas. Tibet is home to 21 ecological function conservation areas, seven national forest parks, three geological parks, one state-class scenic area and 47 nature reserves at various levels, accounting for 34.5 percent of the total land area of the region, topping any other part in China. The forest coverage rate has risen from less than 1 percent before the peaceful liberation to 11.91 percent at present, and more than six million hectares of wetland have been protected. According to the latest report on the state of the environment of China, generally speaking, there is no pollution of the atmosphere or water in Tibet. The region has basically maintained its original natural state, being one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world. Tibet has embarked on a path of sustainable development, with eco-nomic growth and ecological protection advancing side by side. On March 2, 2009 the central government approved the Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Construction in Tibet (2008-2030), with the projected investment amounting to 15.5 billion yuan.

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