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Certain animals have an intuitive awareness of quantities. They know without analysis the difference between a number of objects ands a smaller number. In his book The Natural History of Selbourne (1786), the naturalist Gilbert White tells how he surreptitiously removed one egg a day to make up plover’s nest, and how the mother laid another egg each day to make up for the missing one. He noted that other species of birds ignore the absence of a single egg but abandon their nest if more than one egg has been removed. It has also been noted by naturalist that a certain type of wasp always provides five-never four, never six-caterpillars for each of their eggs so that their young have something to eat when the eggs hatch. Research has also shown that both mice and pigeons can be taught to distinguish between odd and even numbers of food pieces.

These and similar accounts have led some people to infer that creatures other than human can actually count. They also point to dogs that have been taught to respond to numerical questions with the correct number of barks, or to horses that seem to solve arithmetic problem by stomping their hooves number of times.

Animals respond to quantities only when they are connected to survive as a species-as in the case of the eggs-or survive as individuals -as in the case of food. There is on transfer to other situations or from concrete reality to the abstract notion of numbers. Animals can “count” only when the objects are present and only when the numbers involved are small-no more than seven or eight. In lab experiments, animals trained to count one kind of object were unable to count any other type. The objects, not the numbers, are what interest them. Animal’s admittedly remarkable achievements simply do not amount to evidence of counting, nor do they reveal more than innate instinct, refined by the genes of successive generations, or the results of clever, careful conditioning by trainers.

1.

What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Careful training is required to teach animals to perform tricks involving numbers

B. Animas cannot count more than one kind of object

C. of all animals, dogs and horses can count best

D. Although some animals may be aware of quantities, they cannot actually count

2.

The author refers to Gilbert’s book in paragraph 1 in order to___.

A. show how attitudes have changed since 1786

B. Contradict the idea that animals can count.

C. provide evidence that some birds are aware of quantities.

D. Indicate that more research is needed in this field.

3.

The word “surreptitiously” in line 4 is closest in meaning to ___.

A. quickly

B. secretly

C. occasionally

D. stubbornly

4.

The author mentions that all of the following are aware of quantities in some way EXCEpT___.

A. plovers

B. mice

C. caterpillars

D. wasps

5.

According to the information in the passage, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur as a result of animal’s intuitive awareness of quantities?

A. A pigeon is more attracted by a box containing two pieces of food than by a box containing one piece.

B. When asked by its trainer how old it is, a monkey holds up five fingers.

C. When one of its four kittens crawls away, a mother cat misses it and searches for the missing kitten.

D. A lion follows one antelope instead of a herd of antelopes because it is easier to hunt a single prey.

Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social condition that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United State have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality connected to a movement — utopian socialism — which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.

The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint-simonianism European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.

Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.

Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

1. It can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as “solitary” to be

[A] insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought.

[B] overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848.

[C] not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope.

[D] insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls con

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