学位英语

Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities

A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao.She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development.She warns that many of the world‘s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries.will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate.Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 .These gases are known to affect the atmosphere."Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world，" says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents."

Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases.And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao‘s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable， and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 .

The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas.The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment.For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems.Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters.Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.

Local governments， 12 ，should take measures to protect their residents."Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses， Romero Lankao writes， " They don‘t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don’t emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact， many local governments are taking a hands-off approach." Thus， she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.

词汇：

vulnerable adj .易受伤害的

infrastructure n .基础设施

sociologist n.社会学家

substandard adj.标准以下的

dioxide .二氧化物

floodplain n .泛滥平原

注释：

1. likely：很可能，或许。在本句中用作副词。

2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。

3. findings：调查结果

4. storm surges：风暴潮

5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市

6. spring up：涌现

7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。这个词的意思是：(地方政府)话讲得很漂亮，但内容空洞。

8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策

练习：

1.A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back

2.A economic B industrial C rural D urban

3.A reduce B increase C study D measure

4.A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5

5.A educate B evaluate C protect D identify

6.A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major

7.A uses B chances C cures D benefits

8.A threats B interests C functions D differences

9.A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly

l0.A provide B improve C lack D update

11.A without B with C in D on

12.A moreover B therefore C however D though

13.A other than B more than C less than D rather than

14.A train B automobile C bus D bike

15.A idle B smart C busy D secure

答案与题解：

1. C 本题的答案是carried out(执行;完成)。"A new examination of urban policies has been carried out" 意思上配得上。carried along(携带)、arried away(运走)和carried back(运回)与下文的意思搭配不上。

2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic (经济的)、industrial (工业的)和rural (农村的)的话题。所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案。

3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。本句紧接上一句的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。四个选项中，要选reduce.

4. B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases (温室气体)。gases 是答案。

5. C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了。本题选protect 最合适。

6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。这说明"Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases"(城市是温室气体的主要来源)，不会是doubtful sources (不能确定的来源)， possible sources(可能的来源)，更不会是repeatable sources(不断重复的来源)。

7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits(益处)才是答案。

8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 给城市居民造成伤害。

interests 、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁。因此threats 才是答案。

9. B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤害?因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三个选项不符合上述意思。

10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。贫穷社区的基础设施一定是不尽如人意的。所以要选lack.

1LA贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。所以选without 比较合理。

12.B 本题的答案是therefore.上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。下文说的是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要选therefore.

13.D rhetoric responses (言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应)和meaningful responses (有意义的反应)是两种截然不同的反应。地方政府的反应是前者还是后者?随后的句子，特别是a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful responses .所以本题要选rather than(而不是)。

14.B 句中的"…emphasize mass transit"提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile .私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。

15. A ". . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach" 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为( idle) 的政策。idle 是正确的选择。

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