学位英语

第三篇

的政府。

35  A  答案在笫五段里下面这两句句子中可以看到：Many countries are now interested in  Bhutan's GNH.  These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness.

第二篇

Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study.

Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

"Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food.” said Hayes. "Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”

However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. "For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."

Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

"Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter." he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness.”

36.  John Hayes points out in a recent study that

A. it is healthy to eat food without salt.

B. many people reject low-salt food completely.

C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly.

D. food with less salt tastes better.

37. The fourth paragraph describes briefly

A. the purpose of the study.

B. the research methodology.

C. the analysis of the research results.

D. the conclusion of the study.

38. The article argues that supertasters

A. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.

B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.

C. consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.

D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.

39. In paragraph 6, the word "pronounced" is closest in meaning to

A. weary.

B. weak.

C. strong.

D. strange.

40. The last two paragraphs illustrate that taste acuity is

A. genetically determined.

B. developed over time after birth.

C. related to one's eye and hair color.

D. still unknown to scientists.

本题分数（15）

36  C  从第一段和第二段中我们知道，很多人是很难接受低盐食品的，故C是正确答案，其他选项短文中部没有那么说。

37  B  第四段讲了如何对87位参与实验的人进行分类，如何测试，用什么东西进行测试，测试多长时问，因此应该是B，其他选项都不是第四段的内容。

38  B  笫五段后半段说到，“口味要求重的人对口味要求强烈，他们吃盐比口味要求轻的人多，而快餐食品主要是咸味，所以他们更喜欢快餐食品”，故B是正确答案，其他选项均与事实不符

39  Cpronounced作为形容词，其意思就是definite（明确的）、strongly  marked（很明显的），故这里strong是它的同义词。

40  A  第五段说到，“味觉敏感度的差异，与眼睛和头发的颜色一样，是自然存在的”，可见这是遗传所决定的，其他各个选项都不是短文论述的内容。

三篇

Caffeine

Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world. Humans have been consuming caffeine for hundreds of years, primarily in the form of coffee, tea, and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma（黑色素瘤） skin cancers, although no one knew why. A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation, a main cause of skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive, leaving the damaged cells to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial(予宫内膜的) cancer - that is, cancer of the cells lining the uterus - The strongest effect appears to be in overweight women, who are at greatest risk for the disease. Researchers believe blood sugar, fat cells, and estrogen(雌性激素) may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown, people who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily; caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of cirrhosis（肝硬化） and liver cancer.

While many of caffeine's undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine. As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting（收缩） blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches - even migraines(偏头痛) – and can help counter the drowsiness（眩晕）caused by antihistamines(抗组胺药).

Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina - hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.

People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases. Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people. There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one's diet.

41. Drinking coffee or tea may help

A. lower the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer.

B. lower the incidence of being overweight.

C. increase the incidence of endometrial cancer.

D. increase the incidence of liver cancer.

42. Caffeine is used to

A. reduce high blood pressure.

B. cure liver cancer.

C. relieve headaches.

D. treat skin cancer.

43. Some athletes use caffeine to

A. increase their endurance.

B. improve their speed.

C. maintain their alertness.

D. relax their muscles.

44. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms

A. can become an ongoing problem.

B. may last as long as a week.

C. are usually short-lived.

D. are weight loss and mental disorder.

45. Drinking three cups of coffee a day

A. may not be recommended by most doctors.

B. will probably not cause problems.

C. is harmful to healthy people.

D. may benefit sensitive people.

本题分数（15）

41  A第一段第三句说，“据观察，习惯喝咖啡、喝茶的人，其皮肤黑色素瘤这种癌症的发病率比较低”，可见A项是正确答案，其他选项均与短文论述不符。

42  C  第二段最后一句说，“咖啡因可以使大脑收缩从而缓解头痛”，故C项是正确答案，其他选项均与短文论述不符。

43  A  第三段最后一句说，“对跑步和自行车运动员的研究表明，咖啡因可以提高他们的耐力”，而endurance的意思正是短文中stamina的意思，可见A项是正确答案，其他选项短文中均未提到。

44  C  最后一段第一、二句中说到，“经常喝咖啡的人，如果突然停喝或减量，可能出现脱瘾症状，幸亏大多数人的这些症状只持续一、两天”，可见C项是正确答案，其他选项均与短文论述不符。

45  B  短文倒数第二句说，“大多数医生认为，每天喝大约三杯咖啡对健康人无害”，可见B项是正确答案，其他选项不是与短文论述不符，就是没有提到。

（责任编辑：vstara）

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