为了帮助考生系统的复习自考英语考试课程，更好的掌握自考英语考试的重点内容，小编特编辑汇总了2011年自考英语的重点辅导资料，希望对您此次参加自考英语有所帮助！
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies — and other creatures — learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards” ; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) “ drives ” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “ reward ” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “ switched on ” a display of lights — and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papousek s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “ smile and bubble ” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which .
A. are directly related to pleasure
B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success
D. will satisfy their curiosity 【】
27. Papousek noticed in his studie that a baby .
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink 【】
28. In Papousek s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to .
A. have the lights turned on B. please their parents
C. be rewarded with milk D. be praised 【】
29. The babies would “ smile and bubble ” at the lights because .
A. the lights were directly related to some basic “ drives ”
B. the sight of the lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. they succeeded in “switching on” the lights 【】
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of .
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills 【】
26C 27C 28A 29D 30A
考试用书：
编辑推荐：
（责任编辑：vstara）
