1.表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this.
2）The reasons for this are as follows.
3）The reason for this is obvious.
4）The reason for this is not far to seek.
5）The reason for this is that.……
6）We have good reason to believe that.……
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people's living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2.表示好处
1）It has the following advantages.
2）It does us a lot of good.
3）It benefits us quite a lot.
4）It is beneficial to us.
5）It is of great benefit to us.
例如：
Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2）It does us much harm.
3）It is harmfulto us.
例如：
However，everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb.to do sth.
2）We think it necessary to do sth.
3）It plays an important role in our life.
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures.
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world's communications.
3）The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people's diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that.……
2）No one can deny the fact that.……
3）There is no denying the fact that.……
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
5）However，that's not the case.
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比较
1）Compared with A，B.……
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3）There is a striking contrast between them.
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people's health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased）from.……to.……
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January.
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people's income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如：
From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12.考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。
10.表示看法
1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.
2）People have different opinions on this problem.
3）People take different views of（on）the question.
4）Some people believe that.……Others argue that.……
例如：
People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
11.表示结论
1）In short，it can be said that .……
2）It may be briefly summed up as follows.
3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .……
例如：
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.
注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
12.套语
1）It's well known to us that .……
2）As is known to us，……
3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that .……
5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
例如：
As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.
The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower。As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
本文导航这是在职人员复习考研英语的重要障碍。对于大多数的在职人员来说，完全辞职，全心全意地复习考研不现实，必须利用业余时间复习。三是干扰较多。在职人员常有些社会活动和应酬，甚至还要加班和出差，不能像在校大学生那样，有整块儿的时间复习考研。面对种种困难，在职人员要如何做才能有效地复习考研英语呢？
化整为零高效复习
在职人员要学会利用零散时间来学习。对于很多在职人员来说，英语词汇是复习英语的第一关，但只要考生用心，就能在零散的时间中攻克词汇关。
有两个考生的例子，可供借鉴。
有一位考生为了背单词，他把自己不熟悉的考研大纲中的单词全都存在一个word文件里，然后把word文件保存在自己办公室电脑里，平时的工休时间经常翻看这些单词。通过这样一个反复看和记的过程，不用专门留出记忆单词的时间，基本上把英文单词复习得差不多了。
还有位考生每天上下班开车需要两个小时，他把所有英语单词的读音、汉语意思和拼写都录了下来。如“水”，water这个单词，他是这么录的：“water，水，w-a-t-e-r，”。他将录音文件刻成一张碟放在车上。平常上下班的路上，他就听英语单词，经过两三个月的时间就把这些单词基本记住了。
集中时间攻击核心
在职人员备考英语，时间最宝贵。我建议在职人员复习英语时，不要做模拟题，因为考生平常没有那么多时间。考生要将有限的时间全部投入到做往年试题上，而且不要贪多，做五六套就可以了，要将这些试题反复做熟，确保将其中的单词、词组、句子，包括题目的含义等内容全部搞清楚。
同题作文多改两遍
很多在职人员复习考研英语时，通常忽略了写作练习。考生可将往年试题中的写作题目抽出来练习，而且一个作文题目不能只写一遍，要写三遍。
第一遍，考生要按照考试要求在20分钟内写完。有的考生表示，在规定时间内无法完成作文，只写了一半。没关系，如果时间到了，那就写到这儿为止，不要再接着写下去了。第二天，考生可再回过头来写第二遍。
第二遍，考生先将昨天未完成的文章补全，然后再修改错误。此时，考生可修改两种错误，一是拼写错误，二是语法错误。
第三遍，考生要对照题目要求，检查一下自己写的每一句话，看看是否符合。如果有一句话跟题目要求无关，就把它换掉。
本文导航1. The writer criticizes visual entertainment because
A. it does not require man's creative powers.
B. it demands too much of our imagination.
C. it can not improve our intelligence and skill.
D. it leads man to slow degeneration in health.
参考答案：C
2. What is regarded as man’s greatest faculty?
A. Entertainment
B. Character
C. Hobbies
D. Imagination
参考答案：D
3. While fully employed, men look for
A. visual entertainment that requires imagination in their leisure.
B. opportunities to create either with their hands or with their minds in their leisure.
C. something that will help them relax in their leisure.
D. creative hobbies in their leisure.
参考答案：C
4. When retired, the elderly people find that
A. shallower pastimes can no longer satisfy them.
B. it is unnecessary to cultivate creative hobbies in their younger days.
C. doing anything after retirement is unnecessary.
D. relaxation is most suitable for their retired life.
参考答案：A
5. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. hobbies are more important to the young than to the elderly.
B. we should develop worthwhile hobbies when we are young.
C. in ancient times entertainment was more visual in character.
D. hobbies are not important in the health of modern men.
参考答案：B
Is teaching important? Well, of course it is. There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members. But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society. As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past hundred years. Today, we have strict rules for teachers. We hope all children can attend schools. Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an "important" job.
In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be "responsible". This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young. Teachers' salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in years past. These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers. Today almost no one says that "anybody will do" for a teacher. The public expects "quality people" to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers.
1. Before the job of teaching came into being, __ .
A. family members had been responsible for the education of the young
B. specialists had been in charge of teaching young people
C. young people had had to be self-educated
D. the society had played an important role in educating young people
参考答案：A
2. The job of teaching came into being mainly because of __ .
A. the development of the society
B. the explosion of information
C. The need for specialists
D. the civilization of human beings
参考答案：C
3. Teachers' salaries are raised today in order to __ .
A. show the importance of teaching as a job
B. attract more qualified people to become teachers
C. make teachers "responsible" in their teaching
D. improve the quality of public teaching
参考答案：B
4. "Anybody will do" for a teacher means that __ .
A. almost all people want to become a teacher
B. a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him
C. a teacher will do whatever he can for his students
D. the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it
参考答案：D
5. We know from the passage that __ .
A. it is important to be successful in teaching the young
B. enough salaries are necessary in making quality people become teachers
C. greater progress has to be made in teaching
D. teaching is a product of the society's division of labor
参考答案：B
In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted of saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process of testing candidates for the doctor's degree.
Generally, however, modern examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.
One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" test. It is intended to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly.
1. In the Middle Ages students ______.
A. took objective tests
B. specialized in one subject
C. were timed by electric clocks
D. never wrote exams
参考答案：D
2. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that ______.
A. workers now take examinations
B. the population has grown
C. there are only written exams
D. examinations are now written and timed
参考答案：D
3. The kind of exams where students must select answers are ______.
A. personal
B. spoken
C. objective
D. written
参考答案：C
4. Modern industry must have developed ______.
A. before the Middle Ages
B. around the 19th century
C. in Greece or Rome
D. machines to take tests
参考答案：B
5. It may be concluded that testing ______.
A. should test only opinions
B. should always be written
C. has changed since the Middle Ages
D. is given only in factories
参考答案：C
本文导航 1） 语气：
陈述，疑问，祈使，虚拟
2） 虚拟语气：表示一种纯然假想的情况或主观愿望，动词需要用一种特殊形式。
形式分为三类：现在虚拟语气（动词用原形），过去虚拟语气（动词用过去式，但动词be要用were），过去完成形式（动词用过去完成时）。有些情态动词，如should, would, might常用在虚拟语气中。
3） 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法：
虚拟条件句：就是包含条件从句的句子。
条件句分为：
真实条件句——有些条件句是可能实现的。
虚拟条件句——有些条件句是纯假象的句子。
If we leave now, we can still catch the train.
If I had enough money, I would buy a computer.
If you are waiting for a bus you’d better join the queue.
4) 表示现在和将来情况的虚拟条件句：
⑴表示现在或将来的虚拟条件句——从句中的谓语（用过去式形式）；主句谓语（would+动词原形）
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
If you left your bike outside, someone would steal it.
If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.
注：If I were you句中，were不能改成was,但在第三人称单数后用was也可以。如：
If Helen were(was) here how nice it would be!
⑵主句谓语有时也可以由might, could构成。
If I could type, I might save a lot of time.
If he had a permit he could get a job.
⑶在条件句从句中有时还可以用were to +动词，或should+动词。
If he were (was) to resign, who would take his place?
If I should be free tomorrow, I will come to see you.
⑷在某些条件从句中（如were to +动词，should+动词），if有时可以省略，这时语序要改为倒装。
Were I Tom, I would refuse.
Were I in your shoes I would let him know what I thought of him.
Should she be interested, I’ll phone her.
⑸从句有时可以用If it were not for这种句型，表示“若不是”。
If it were not for your help, we would be in serious trouble.
5） 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句：（这类从句表示一个与事实相反的过去情况）
⑴表示过去情况的虚拟条件句——条件从句中的谓语（相当于过去式的形式）；主句的谓语（would have+过去分词）
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
If I had left sooner, I’d have caught the bus.
What would you have done if you’d been in my position?
注：在主句中，如果主语是第一人称，可以用should构成谓语。
I should (would) have talked it to my mother if I had thought of it.
⑵主句中也可用could和might构成，有时还可由should构成。
If my father had lived, he could have done all this for me.
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
If he had apologized, you should have done so too.
⑶从句中也可用had not been for来构成谓语，表示“要不是”。
If it hadn’t been for your timely help, we would have got into serious trouble.
If it hadn’t been for her meticulous care, I wouldn’t have got well so soon.
⑷if有时可以省略，但后面部分需要倒装。
Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.
Had it not been for their support, we couldn’t have won the election.
Had Mark been in charge, it wouldn’t have happened.
其他知识点：
1) 常考点有：对a、过去的虚拟语气，b、错综句的考查，c、还有去掉if将助动词had ，情态动词should，be动词提前等
2) 要注意哪些词可以用作虚拟语气 如as if（though），if only, demand, insist, suggest但要注意suggest 表示“表明”时不用虚拟语气,如 her expression suggest that she made a mistake.
3) 要求，建议，命令等+ (should) do，用虚拟语气demand, insist, require，request, demand, desire, ask(要求),suggest，advise, propose(提议)，urge(催促)，vote（投票），command(命令), order, recommend，intend, petition(恳请)。
4) It is adj. that… 用虚拟语气 important, illegal, essential，vital，appropriate，unfair，dreadful，strange，surprising，natural，unthinkable
5) It’s (high) time后的定语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气（多用过去虚拟语气）
It’s high time we went.
6) 错综时间条件句：有些条件句主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作在时间上并不一致。
If the weather had been more favorable, the corps would be growing still better.
If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.
（责任编辑：中大编辑）
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