教育硕士

Passage Three

Death rates for cancer are falling for all Americans. But black Americans are still more likely to die of cancer than whites, the American Cancer Society said Monday.

In a special report on cancer and blacks, the organization said blacks are usually diagnosed with cancer later than whites, and they are more likely to die of the disease.

This could be because of unequal access to medical Care. Because blacks are more likely to have other diseases as well, and perhaps because of differences in the biology of the can cancer itself, the report added.

"In general, black Americans have less hope of surviving five years after diagnosis thrill whites for all cancer sites and all stages of diagnosis."The report said.

"In describing cancer statistics for black Americans, this report recognizes that many of the differences associated with race may be caused by unfair social and economic differences and unequal access to medical care.'

The cancer society said blacks should be encouraged to get check-ups earlier, when cancer is more treatable. And it said more research is needed to see if biological differences play a role.

''The new statistics emphasize the continuing importance of wiping out these unfair social differences through public policy and education efforts," the organization said in a statement.

But it also noted a top in cancer death rates.

"Cancer death rates in both sexes for all sites combined have dropped greatly among black Americans since 1992, as has incidence rates," said the report.

41. Black Americans arc more likely to die of cancer than _____.

A. people in other countries     B. white Americans

C. all other American      D. their ancestors

42. Which may NOT be a reason for higher cancer death rates among US blacks?

A. Unequal access to medical Care.   B. Greater probability of having other diseases.

C. Differences in the biology of the cancer.   D. Early diagnosis.

43. Cancer is more treatable if it is detected _____.

A. in an early stage       B. in a late stage

C. all of a sudden       D. together with other diseases

44. Public policy and education efforts may help to do away with _____.

A. death rates           B. various cancers

C. unfair social differences     D. biological differences

45. Since 1992, cancer death rates among black Americans _____.

A. have been going up and down    B. have remained stable

C. have increased       D. have fallen

Passage Four

The term could yet become the word of the year; stress is on everyone's lips these days and everywhere. Not only managers, officials and teachers are complaining nowadays, housewives, children and pensioners now also have their own problems. They too sacrifice themselves for others, feel under-or overworked and quickly lose their inner balance. Irritation, tiredness and exhaustion quickly follow. But that is only the negative aspect. Stress, after all, is also linked to positive terms such as joy of life, tension and vitality.

"Firstly, stress is healthy," says Wolfgang Stehling from Eltvelle. The doctor and management consultant says:" It occurs when the body loses its inner balance, but then stress hormones are produced to re-establish the balance." Thus stress is nothing more than a positive reaction of the body to pressure. It is unavoidable as part of our nature, "There is no such thing as a stress-free life."

But whether stress leads to tensions in the mind or to tenseness of the muscles depends on the duration, its cause or causes and the sufferer's personal situation. People who have trouble sleeping or suffer from bad moods or simply the flu will not be on top of the world and will take every little strife as negative stress. Others, people who feel refreshed at every new turn, are relaxed and successful, will view a difficult round of negotiations or competition at work more as a positive challenge than a cross to bear.

Exercise, healthy eating and relaxing are thus the three pillars by which stress can be conquered almost every time. These factors form a unit, explains Marita Voelker-Albert, spokeswoman for the government's Nutrition Advice Center in Cologne. Its campaign "Gut Drauf"(Feeling Good) is targeted at young people. The government agency's research suggests that three out of four adolescents feel tired, overtaxed and under stress. Eating disorders and complaints such as migraines and indigestion, nervousness and concentration problems have increased among 12-to 16-year-olds.

But even the best solutions don't work if they are not put into practice, says Stehling. Anybody who goes jogging regularly, practices yoga and prescribes good literature as a cure for negative stress, may well end up under more pressure as he tries to find the time for it all. Sometimes, says the consultant, it helps to take time out to reduce stress levels over a weekend.

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