第一章：写作基本技能
第一节主题句
请对历年真题和模拟试题总结出topic sentence, 并对它进行复述或概括。
一．如何写主题句(topic sentence)
1． 在审题过程中，从Directions 和outline找出主题词(topic)和主题思想（controlling idea）.
2． 分析并确定两者的关系。
3． 用简洁有力的结构把两者连接成完整句子。
4． 检查并修改主题句，使之符合主题句的要求和特征。
二．主题句的要求和特征
1． 必须是判断性质的完整句子。以下就不是：
driving on freeways
The importance of gold
Is it necessary to take a part-time job?
2． 必须有概括性。以下就不是：
American food is terrible.
American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.
3． 必须包含作者明确的态度。以下就不是
I am not sure if it is necessary for college students to take part-time jobs.
4． 必须简洁，吸引人。
（2001）Love in need is love indeed.
5． 必须统领全文，但不能超出全文内容。
(2001) Love is the noblest feelings of mankind.
三．主题句的位置
1． 强烈建议放段首。
2． 其他部位可以设置主题句的复述句，如段末。
观察此段：
Synonyms, words that have the same meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean "careful with money." However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has much positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonyms at all.
四．主题句的复述 (Restatement of T.S.)
1． 如果是在段末，用强调词连接。
2． 与主题句保持意思的一致。
3． 转换方式：词对应，同根，逆向
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第二节 段落的句子结构
一．扩展句 (supporting sentence)
1． 目的：发展，支持或证明主题句
2． 手段：给出原因，事实，数据，引言，或加以阐述
3． 种类：主要扩展句 (major supporting statement)
次要扩展句 (minor supporting statement)
递进扩展句 (additional supporting statement)
Examples for supporting sentences
T.S. Over-fishing leads to the decrease of fish resources.
1. Reason: This is because an increasing number of fishermen can go fishing at sea.
2. Fact/figures: According to a report on fishing released by ….University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago.
3. Citation: Just a professor from the fishery department of Harvard University said, "Over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings."
4. Further reasoning: In other words, over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings.
二．转折句 （contrast sentence）
1． 目的：（议论文）反面论证观点
2． 手段：条件假设
3． 转折词：on the other hand, in contrast, without, secondly if, otherwise
Examples for contrast sentence
In my opinion, money itself can neither buy happiness nor cause evil. If you make good use of money, you can improve your life greatly. Otherwise, you will be a slave of money and evil will come into your heart. In short, only when money is used for the benefit of not only yourself but also other people, can it bring you real happiness.
三．结论句 (concluding sentence)
1． 目的：对全段或全文总结，归纳或进一步强调观点
2． 手段：主题句的复述或引申
3． 过渡词：逗号型：As a result, Indeed, To sum up,
从句型：It is clear that…, There can be no doubt that….
Example for concluding sentence
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to suggest that parents should decide whether to adopt home tutoring according to the children' necessity.
四．段落的组织
说明段和描述段的基本组织形式有以下两种：
1． 并列扩展式
Example
Considering all these reasons, I think we should take some positive measures to seize the opportunity of globalization and introduce Chinese traditional culture and customs to foreigners. On one hand, our government ought to invest more in the study of traditional culture. On the other hand, it is necessary for us to pay more attention to the development of such traditional arts as Beijing Opera. Only in this way can our national culture be along with the quick international development.
2． 递进扩展式
Example
I think we have to take more effective measures to help poor children to go on with their schoolings. Through some donation program, we can help them pay their tuition. In addition, we also organize some teachers to follow up and see what we can do to help their family. As long as their family get out of poverty, children can stay in school without worries.
议论段的基本组织形式有以下两种：
1． 正论递进式
Example
The Project Hope is of great necessity. First of all, many people in poverty-stricken areas can hardly make a living, to say nothing of sending their children to schools. Moreover, education is vital to the success for the economic and social progress of the country. But it's impossible for our government to afford such a sum for the school drop-outs. Thus the Project Hope becomes the best solution.
2． 正反论证式
Example
Patience is essential to modern people. If we can take time and grasp the good chance the moment it arises, we can make a big progress in our work. On the contrary, if we have not enough patience, chance may slip by while we are worrying for this or that. Therefore, you had better take time and wait for the good chance.
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第三节句子写作
一．常见错误分析(From Wrong sentence to correct sentence)
a. 句子片段，断句 (sentence fragment)
There is a pretty American girl, she’s smiling.
It is a cartoon, that a cock give a admission to others.
But if not, is it a hen?
Because mostly people are freed in the same time.
In 1995, there is one fish on the ocean, but ships are many and many.
b. 时态混乱
In 1995 the number of fish we can see were very few and at the same time, many fishing occurred before our eyes. (time reference: 1995)
During the past time there are not abundant goods in the market. People would not concern service quality so long as they could buy what they needed. (time reference: past time)
Every year about 300 million people died disease that deprive from smoking. Smoking use much money every year. (time reference: every year)
In 1994, the total product of tobacco is 14.364 billion pounds and in 1995, is 14.2 billion pounds. (time reference: 1994 + 1995)
What caused this phenomenon? (time reference: null)
c. 代词误用
It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.
He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
Everyone should do that he or she have promised, but not just their duty.
Second, perhaps this is the main reason.
Can you find anything new in this?
d. 其他错误
If you do your homework thoughtfully, a student should be able to pass this examination.
Jerry swallowed a steak, and an entire half a gallon of ice cream was eaten by him.
Seen from the top of the mountain, we found the small town more beautiful.
二．句子质量提升 (From correct-only sentence to enhanced sentence)
1．句子质量的基本改进
a. 短句(choppy sentence)
Water is an enduring source of power. It is also an unlimited energy source. Dams produce power. They have existed for a long time. But windmills are relatively new.
We must find new sources of energy. Natural sources of energy are decreasing. Solar energy is a promising new source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun.
b. 松散句 (loose sentence)
信息重要性确定句式
1) I was interested in English, but I finally chose computer as my major.
2) I chose computer as my major, although I was interested in English.
多于2个句子的松散句，可以考虑修改
Many students attend classes all morning, and then they work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
c. 赘言问题 (redundant)
In my opinion, I believe exam-oriented assessment system needs to be changed.
In general, young people these days tend to remain single.
The reason why people choose to live in the countryside is because there is no pollution nor noise there.
It is highly important to find a solution to solve this problem.
d. 汉化英语 (Chinese-English)
Water shortage is a serious problem in big cities, such as Shanghai, because it has over ten million people.
Government should work hard to raise the living level of the people.
Doing regular exercises can help our body.
2．句子质量的加强改进
a. 强调句
b. 倒装句
c. 平行句
Parallel Structure
I am not sure whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.
They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.
He left the city because he didn’t get success in business, because his friends came and because his health deteriorated.
The criminal was found guilty because he stole sth in the shop and sent bribes to judges.
d. 插入语
Inserted phrases
In other words, over-fishing will lead to negative effect on our environment.
According to a report on fishing released by ….University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago.
As is know to all, smoking is bad to health.
3．十大必备句式
1) IT-structure
It is recognized that …
It is clearly shown that …
It is possible for us to know that …
2) THERE-structure
There is wide concern over …
There is a general understanding that …
There is no denying the fact that …
3) AS-structure
As we all know, …
As follows.
As a matter of fact, …
4) WITH-structure
With the passing of years the situation has become more serious.
Wisdom comes with experience.
No sweet without sweat.
5). IN-structure
in case of …(在 … 情况下)
In case of difficulty, we should turn to friends.
in terms of…(就…来说)
In terms of value, this approach is the best.
in view of …(考虑到…)
in the matter of …(就什么事情说)
in light of …(根据, 依照)
6) CAUSE –type Expressions
factors for …
factors can explain / account for …
be responsible for … / play a part in … / contribute a lot to …
result from … / be ascribed to … / be rooted in …
7) DIGIT-type Expressions
as can be seen / revealed / shown / suggested /,
from the statistics / information /data /figures given,
number of … doubled /tripled, as compare with …
jump / rise / increase /grow; drop / decrease / fall / decline
remain steady / stable / unchanged
reach a peak / a climax / the highest (lowest) point
8) EFFECT-type Expressions
create /produce / give rise to …side-effects
exert / have / tremendous impact / effect / influence on …
entail / involve / bring … consequences
9) COMPARISON-type Expressions
be in favor of / like /prefer …
consider / take … into account the advantages / benefits / values / merits
there is an element of truth in …, but they ignore a deeper fact that …
people argue / hold / claim / believe / maintain / insist that …
although /while /whereas there is a popular belief that …, …
10) EXAMPLE-type Expressions
a good case in point is …
Take … for example, …
Suppose / consider /imagine …
Personal experience /examples I read of show that …
According to a survey /opinion poll / publication …,
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一．用词的常见错误
1．词义混淆
He is such a respectful man.
She lied down and soon feel sleep.
It is said that prices have raised.
2．搭配错误
In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.
We students should study as much knowledge as possible.
In recent years, people who take IELTS have doubled.
3．中文硬译英文
The body is the capital of revolution.
exchange our emotions
4．过度重复
From the picture, I find it is important to make culture exchange. The reason why it is important is as follows:
On one hand, since it is important to communicate with foreigners, it is also very important to hold some activities.
On the other hand, many people think it is important to exchange our views with foreigners. …..So, it is really very important.
All in all, culture exchange is more and more important for us.
5．用词老套
many, a lot of, more and more, good, bad, so… that…， A coin has two sides.
二．用词标准
1．准确性 (Appropriateness)
2．简洁性 (Conciseness)
3．灵活性 (Vividness)
Appropriateness
The arrest was made without any signal of opposition on the part of the murder.
He cheated us to believe that he was an honest man.
Conciseness
The location is more preferable to that one.
He arrived so early that we were surprised greatly.
Vividness
Some people claim that reading selectively is more helpful, since they believe that reading without choice is a waste of time. However, some other people argue that we should read extensively, for they hold the view that in such a rapid-developing society, we need to enlarge the range of our knowledge instead of restricting it to one or two fields. In my opinion, both sides are going to extremes.
三．难词替换
1．用概括词代替不会写的具体名词
2．用对比对照词替换
3．解释难词
Examples:
The hen promises its eggs contain egg white, yolk and egg shell.
The view held by common people is a little pessimistic.
This is an anecdote.
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第五节 写作必备30词
1. This case makes us all believe smoking is harmful to health.
2. An umbrella is fighting against the very bad weather to protect people from wind and rain.
3. As is shown in the picture, confidence is very important for success.
4. Confidence is the most important in the job interview.
5. Because he cannot concentrate on the job, he does a very bad job.
6. An idealist always feel disappointed because life is so cruel.
7. Every child should learn that discipline is necessary in life.
8. Facing such difficulties, we have no other choice but to quit.
9. We all believe that smoking is harmful to health.
10. The difference between the genius and the ordinary is that the ordinary always follow others but the genius tries to find a new path by himself.
11. We can see that coal burning has caused great hazards to the city.
12. The second reason is that the current law does not include this.
13. The higher college tuition will increase the already heavy burden of the parents.
14. Everyone knows that smoking is harmful.
15. The new law will help us to protect the environment.
16. After so many experiments, smokers have to accept that smoking is harmful.
17. There are many reasons for this…
18. The following example can prove this.
19. It is possible that consumption of tobacco will decline.
20. More and more people think so too.
21. Both have the same characteristics, which are as follows:
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第六节写作必备句型
1.The progress I have made makes me surprised.
2.This makes me conclude that money doesn’t mean everything.
3.Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.
4.Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.
5.More and more people agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.
6. Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.
7.We almost forget this event
8.Students should certainly make continuous efforts
9. We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.
10.We know very little about the nature of human beings.
11.Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.
12.If you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars
13.If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.
14.If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.
15.When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.
16.Because the decision recognizes the rights of students, so they all welcome it.
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第三章 图表文描述常用词和句式
一、 图形种类
泛指一份数据图表：a diagram, an illustration; data graph/ chart
饼图：pie chart
柱形图：bar chart, histogram
曲线图：line chart, curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart, sequence diagram
程序图：processing, procedures diagram
二、 常用概括性描述句式
As can be seen from the diagram/ chart/ graph/ table/ figures, …
As (is) shown in the diagram/ chart/ graph/ table/ figures, …
As we can see from the diagram/ chart/ graph/ table/ figures, …
It can be seen from the figures/ statistics that …
It is clear from the figures/ statistics that …
It is apparent/ obvious from the figures/ statistics that …
The diagram/ chart/ graph/ table shows (that) …
According to the diagram/ chart/ graph/ table, …
The figures/ statistics show (that) …
The diagram/ chart/ graph/ table figures (that) …
The diagram/ chart/ graph/ table/ shows (or describes or illustrates) how …
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第四章 段落活用
环保
1. 每人都需尽力
There are many guides and resources which help us to be aware of the environmental issues that affect us today, from global warming to garbage disposal. There are books, movies, TV shows, so many publications from governmental and non-governmental agencies. As individuals and family members, we need to start from the basics of our home and its environment. The amount of time that we spend for its upkeep is an investment. That kind of awareness should be developed in every one of us in the household including children. Thereafter the same can be extended to our neighborhood, our community, city, nation and the globe itself.
2. 需要多方面的力量
A safe, clean and sustainable environment depends on more than simply complying with environmental laws. Community members have a responsibility to manage their activities to minimize direct impacts on surface waters and to efficiently use natural resources to avoid the generation of waste. Industry can work closely with other members of the local community to work towards environmental improvement.
历史古迹及旅游
1. 历史建筑应受保护
Historic buildings have influenced people for a long time, from one generation to another. They make people know the past and remember the roots of them. Once these buildings were all destroyed, it is impossible to restore them, and it would be a huge loss for the human beings. Maybe now, these buildings cannot meet people's needs, however, they are the heritage handed down from our ancestors for thousands of years, and no matter how modernized today is, they can't be replaced by any modern building, for they are the essence of a nation which may be hidden deep. The historic building represents the root of the nation. Just like a tree, if its root was removed, no matter how thrived it is, the tree would die sooner or later. Consider, for example, the old Hu-tong in Beijing, having no attractive appearance, carries the most unique culture and custom of Beijing people. Many historians strongly call fro people to protect them.
2. 过多游客对保护公园不利
National parks are fragile ecosystems that must be preserved, not only for the enjoyment and enrichment of future generations, but also for the protection of both cultural heritage and the natural environment. The challenge for park officials and visitors alike is to ensure accessibility for the millions of yearly visitors, while at the same time reducing the environmental impact of so many people. The NPS must preserve national parks and provide for their public use, a perplexing task at best. Absolute preservation means that no one could enter the parks, whereas uncontrolled use could destroy the features that national parks are meant to preserve.
信息传媒
1.亚太论坛
The Third Annual Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Forum identified child pornography on the Internet as an area where the law was simply not keeping up with technology. Forum members considered that there was a need to look into this issue and suggested that the Secretariat focus its work on child sexual exploitation and the problem of child pornography on the Internet. The availability of child pornography and the Internet is an abuse of the right of the child. It has been an issue of concern for a variety of international, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations throughout the past decade, but is has become a more widely held concern and a matter of greater public interest in the last few years as Internet usage has grown. Children's rights groups have developed campaigns to combat the program.
2. 虚假广告
False advertising consists of any claims that are untruthful or deceptive to a reasonable consumer. Misleading advertising consists of any claim that may give a consumer the wrong impression about a product they wish to purchase or use. State and federal regulators also monitor unfair advertising practices. False or misleading advertisements may cause damage to consumers including financial losses. While in some cases the damages due to false advertising are relatively small, they are not costs consumers should have to bear. By participating in a class action lawsuit, all those similarly wronged can obtain compensation for their losses.
3. 电影、电视、游戏的暴力对于年轻人的危害
There have been other studies which also demonstrate the effects of violence on youth. For example, a study by AACAP found that as a result of TV violence, children may become immune to the horror of violence and gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems. They may imitate violence they have observed on television and identify with certain characters, victims or victimizers. The media gives youth the message that violence is socially acceptable and is the best way to solve problems.
成功
1. 成功是去做一个有价值的人
The world tells that there are many different ways to measure success. There are many different indicators of a successful person. One thing that is commonly said by people is that success is dependent upon what you value in life. Albert Einstein once said, "Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value."
2. 错误的好处
The hidden benefits of mistakes:
Failure often leads us to successes. Becoming successful in life requires that we take risks, and risks often involve failure. Provided we chose to learn from them, our mistakes can be our greatest teachers.
Mistakes remind us that we are human. It is important to remember that we are just human beings. Errors get our attention in this way, and help us become more understanding of others' weakness.
Blunders lead to personal growth and development. Humans tend to avoid growth and change. We prefer to stick to what's familiar. Pain is the one experience that may encourage us to step out on a limb and try something different.
3. 取得成功应具备的素质
There is no doubt that hard work contributes to success. Yet a person may work awfully hard and still achieve very little. In order to bring about success, hard work has to be directed by clear goals and the knowledge of how to reach them. Moreover, imagination, intelligence and persistence can be equally important to success.
教育
1. 艺术教育的重要性
Teaching your students about art is a good idea, and here's why:
It's been proven that early exposure to visual art, music, or drama promotes activity in the brain.
Art helps children understand other subjects much more clearly-from math and science, to language arts and geography.
Art nurtures inventiveness as it engages children in a process that aids in the development of self-esteem, self-discipline, cooperation, and self-motivation.
Participating in art activities helps children gain the tools necessary for understanding human experience, adapting to and respecting t the others' ways of working and thinking, developing creative problem-solving skills, and communicating thoughts and idea in a variety of ways.
2. 终身学习
Learning is one of the most important things in one's life, especially for children being educated in schools of different levels. As for grown-ups, even the aged, learning is important as well. Although they have studied something for many years, and have learned a lot already, there are still some experiences and laws summed up or discovered by or predecessors for them to learn. Moreover, the world keeps changing unceasingly. There is always something new for them to learn. Thus, they must be aware that they should stick to learning throughout their lives. Constant learning can make people become more learned and experienced so that they can suit the changing world better.
社会
1. 汽车带来的问题
Air pollution has been recognized all over the world as the most significant environment issue with severe impact on the health and well-being of human beings. Air pollution is caused mostly by emissions from automobiles, coal and oil industries and many other sources. Imposing alarmingly dangerous health problems, air pollution, attracted the attention of both governmental and non-governmental agencies. In 1995, "emission standards" were required to be developed.
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